The Experts Guide to the AP Biology Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Biology Exam SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In case you're taking AP Biology, it's a smart thought to acquaint yourself with the test before you get excessively far into the course. Planning early for the AP test position and completely understanding which ideas are secured on the AP Biology test can go far toward procuring a high score (and conceivably getting school credit!). This article will take you through the structure and scoring of the AP Bio test and give you some key tips on the most ideal approaches to read for AP Biology. How Is the AP Biology Exam Structured? The AP Biology test has a different decision area (that likewise remembers network for questions, so it’s not simply various decision) and a free-reaction segment. It is three hours in length altogether. The following AP Biology test will happen on Monday, May 11, 2020, at 8 am. Numerous Choice Section The main area on AP Bio comprises of various decision questions and a bunch of framework in questions. Here's a review of what's in store: 63 various decision questions Six network in questions an hour and a half long Worth half of your score Lattice in questions request that you coordinate math and science aptitudes to cause figurings and afterward to enter your answer into a matrix on the appropriate response sheet (basically, these are short-reaction addresses that are like network in inquiries on the SAT Math area). Free-Response Section The subsequent segment is the free-reaction area, which resembles this: Six short-reaction questions Two long-reaction questions an hour and a half long (counting a 10-minute understanding period) Worth half of your score (25% for the short reactions and 25% for the long reactions) One of the long-reaction addresses will be lab-or information based, while all short-reaction questions expect you to compose at any rate a section for your reaction or contention. Desires for the AP Biology Exam This is what the two segments on the AP Biology test anticipate that you should realize how to do: See how graphical and scientific models can be utilized to clarify natural standards and ideas Make forecasts and legitimize occasions dependent on organic standards Actualize your insight into legitimate trial structure Decipher information Is this espresso grinning at me? Or on the other hand am I ridiculous from absence of rest? What's Tested on the AP Biology Exam? 4 Big Ideas The AP Biology test does exclude a set number of inquiries that manage every point territory, yet you should take note of that the test is revolved around four significant subjects (or Huge Ideas, as the College Board calls them). Here's a rundown of these subjects, trailed by the points that fall underneath every one of them: Large Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Subjects that fall into this class incorporate the accompanying: Characteristic choice Numerical demonstrating of populaces Species order Biodiversity Huge Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce, and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Subjects that fall into this class incorporate the accompanying: Atomic science Cell structure Photosynthesis Cell breath Thermodynamics and homeostasis The resistant reaction Huge Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Retrieve, Transmit, and Respond to Info That's Essential to Life Processes Here are the primary subjects in this classification: Hereditary qualities The cell cycle (mitosis and meiosis) Infections Correspondence between cells The endocrine framework The sensory system Huge Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Have Complex Properties The subjects that fall into this class incorporate the accompanying: Plant structure Chemicals The circulatory framework Processing The musculoskeletal framework Biology AP Biology Sample Questions Since you have a fundamental substance layout, here are a few instances of the kinds of inquiries you'll see on the AP Biology test with the goal that you can show signs of improvement thought of what's in store. Various Choice Here is a case of a various decision AP Biology test question: This inquiry looks sort of confused, yet let’s separate it. The primary sentence is foundation data that isn’t extremely important for responding to the inquiry, other than the way that it enlightens us we’re talking regarding sickle cell sickliness. This is useful on the off chance that you can recollect essential realities about the infection that you can use to contextualize the inquiry. The primary piece of the inquiry pose to what will be influenced when you supplant a hydrophilic amino corrosive with a hydrophobic one on a hemoglobin protein. In view of your insight into sickle cell sickliness and atomic properties, you ought to have the option to wipe out options B and C, which don’t have a lot to do with the variation from the norm depicted in the inquiry. Decision D can likewise be wiped out in light of the fact that the inside auxiliary structure of the protein isn't modified by the presence of the hydrophobic gathering. This would just influence how the atom cooperates remotely with other hemoglobin particles, as in decision A (the right answer). Network In Here’s a case of a network being referred to that you may see on the AP Biology test: This inquiry simply pose to you to peruse a chart and play out some fundamental figurings. We can see from the chart that from day 3 to day 5, the populace size developed from 200 to 900 people. This implies it expanded by 700 people altogether. On the off chance that we isolate 700 when time of two days, that is a mean development pace of 350 people for each day. Subsequently, you would enter â€Å"350† into the matrix for this inquiry. Microorganisms gettin' it on. Short Free Response Here’s a case of a short free-reaction question you may see on the AP Biology test: On this specific inquiry, you could gain a limit of 4 focuses (one for each kind of information you depict to some degree an and one for the clarification for each to some degree b). Here are three sorts of information and their comparing clarifications you could refer to for focuses: Alternative 1 Information Description: The capacity of the plants to create suitable seeds/posterity in nature Clarification: This is steady with the meaning of a natural animal varieties Alternative 2 Information Description: Comparison of the two plants’ DNA arrangements or structures of other moderated particles. Clarification: Sufficient likeness between the DNA structures would bolster the presence of a solitary animal types Alternative 3 Information Description: Discovering the presence of prolific crossover plant populaces living between the two different populaces of plants Clarification: This is additionally predictable with the meaning of a natural animal types (once more, capacity to deliver fruitful posterity) There must be employments out there for which you simply need to gather plant tests. Begin assembling your experience now by never showering. Long Free Response Here’s a case of a long free-reaction question you may see on the AP Biology test: On this inquiry, you could procure up to 10 focuses altogether. Section An is worth 3 focuses. To win these focuses, you need to: Make a chart that is accurately marked, is effectively scaled, and utilizes legitimate units. Make it a structured presentation with effectively plotted example implies. Show the standard mistake (+/ - 2) on your diagram above and underneath the methods. Part B is worth 2 focuses. To gain these focuses, you need to: Recognize populaces I and III as the well on the way to have measurably huge contrasts in the mean densities. Clarify why this is the situation (on the grounds that the safety buffers don't cover for the mean densities of these two populaces; 9+2 is under 14-2). Part C is worth 5 focuses: You'd acquire 2 focuses for distinguishing the free factor (nearness of herbivores) and ward variable (trichome thickness). You would gain 1 point for distinguishing a control treatment (nonattendance of herbivores). You would gain 1 point for distinguishing a fitting term of the analysis (more than one age of plants). The last point would be earned by anticipating test results that would bolster the speculation (higher trichome thickness under the exploratory conditions when contrasted with the control conditions). Ugh, net! This leaf is loaded with trichomes. How Is the AP Biology Exam Scored? As referenced, on AP Bio the different decision area (counting the lattice ins) makes up half of your score, and the free-reaction segment makes up the other half. For the different decision area, it’s simple to compute your crude score: you simply get 1 point for each question you answer effectively. There are no point findings for inaccurate or clear answers. This is likewise valid for the network in questions. Scoring is more convoluted on the free-reaction segment (which is scored by genuine graders instead of a PC). Every one of the six short reaction questions has an alternate point esteem contingent upon its multifaceted nature. Three are scored out of 3 focuses, while the other three are scored out of 4 focuses. At last, each long free-reaction question utilizes a 10-point scale. To make sense of your last AP Bio score, you’ll need to do a couple more counts. This can change from year to year dependent on the presentation of understudies, yet this is the latest gauge I have with respect to the system behind it: Duplicate the quantity of focuses you jumped on the numerous decision segment by 1.03 Duplicate the quantity of focuses you jumped on the two long free-reaction inquiries by 1.5 Duplicate the quantity of focuses you jumped on the short free-reaction inquiries by 1.43 Add every one of these numbers together to get your crude AP Biology score Here's a transformation diagram you can use to perceive how crude score ranges (for the most part) convert into last AP scores (on a size of 1-5). I've likewise incorporated the level of understudies who earned each score in 2017 to give you a thought of what the score conveyance resembles:

Crowdfunding: Revolutionizing the Investment Essay

In April 2012, President Obama marked the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act into enactment, (conceivably) permitting little new businesses to pick up speculation from private people through crowdfunding. This contextual investigation investigates the reasonability of crowdfunding as a methods for speculation, its focal points and detriments, its use up to this point, and its potential achievement going ahead. Highlights and advantages * MarketLine Case Studies portray points, for example, inventive items, plans of action, and critical organization acquisitions. * Fact-based and introduced in an available style, they clarify the reason of business choices and delineate more extensive market and monetary patterns. Features As of late, crowdfunding sites, for example, Kickstarter have considered a to be increment in action as the pattern has picked up energy. Subsequently, the quantity of crowdfunding stages is on the ascent, and such ventures are starting to see their plans of action change as per the future heading of this blossoming new industry. Points of interest of crowdfunding incorporate the way that it offers an a lot bigger pool of financial specialists from which new companies and business people can raise capital. Furthermore, crowdfunding decreases the danger of putting up another item for sale to the public, and empowers new businesses to profit by huge scope brand and item introduction. Crowdfunding adventures, for example, the Pebble Watch, which propelled on Kickstarter, have demonstrated the potential awards of a fruitful crowdfunding effort, in spite of the fact that this model additionally serves to embody the downsides of such a methods for raising capital. Your key inquiries replied * What are the potential ramifications of the JOBS Act? * What are the focal points and impediments of crowdfunding activities? * How effective have crowdfunding activities been up to this point? * What effect is crowdfunding liable to have on the customary venture scene

Beating Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID) Essay

Envision carrying on with as long as you can remember contained inside a plastic air pocket. Contact from the outside world, including your folks, is deadly. Instead of feeling the warm bit of a human hand, the moist cold of research center gloves solaces you to rest. Is this living or this enduring? You decide. SCIDs is an abbreviation for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome. People brought into the world with SCIDs come up short on the capacity to ward off diseases. SCIDs makes a circumstance wherein the normal virus is similarly as savage as pneumonia. This group of illnesses is clearly incapacitating and hazardous. That is the reason finding a fix is basic. This illness isn't infectious, it is hereditary and is hence gained through the basic job of the hereditary shakers. There is definitely no way around this pitiful disorder, or is there... We can look to quality treatment: an energizing and progressive new field of research and medication which may uncover the way to opening a heap of hereditary sicknesses. This paper will investigate the issues presented by SCIDs and the appropriate response offered by Marina Cavazzana-Calvo and Salima Hacein-Bey. Their work in quality treatment has incredible potential towards blasting the air pocket on SCIDs. Resistant System Introduction Things being what they are, you ask, I'm not catching it's meaning to have SCID? All things considered, so as to address this inquiry, we need to experience a brisk voyage through the insusceptible framework. The invulnerable arrangement of the human body is contained an immense range of cells that fend off infections (antigens) that are hurtful to the prosperity of the body. In a person with an appropriately working insusceptible framework, the body has different qualities that encode explicit guidelines for the correct plan and capacity of the cells of the safe framework. T... ...g quality. In this manner, the non-practical gamma-c chain of these patients was adjusted to work like an ordinary gamma-c chain. The scientists at that point took the amended cells and returned them to the patients. Accomplished it work? Truly. The outcomes show an emotional increment in an assortment of significant insusceptible framework cells. Where are they now? The two patients left defensive disconnection after around a quarter of a year of treatment. Following a multi month examination, the two patients have all the earmarks of being developing admirably. No reactions (of any sort) have been accounted for. Fundamentally, the two patients have accomplished an almost ideal recuperation in under a year! On a third patient, comparable positive outcomes have been accomplished following 4 months of treatment. Drs. Cavazzana-Calvo et. al. have BURSTED THE BUBBLE ON SCIDs!!! Obviously, long haul investigation must be finished so as to see the span of this treatment.

Running Out of Time on SAT Math

Sometimes, in spite of your best efforts, your SAT Math pacing is off. You lose track of time and suddenly realize youre running out of time! Fortunately, there are things you can do when this happens. Running short on time doesnt have to ruin your SAT Math score. Running out of time on SAT Math? Do the faster problems first. All SAT Math problems are  weighted equalevery correct answer has the same impact on your score. But not all SAT Math problems are  created equalsome problems are more complex and take longer to do than others. So if youre running out of time in an SAT Math section, look at the remaining questions, and spot the questions that you can answer the fastest. Do those fast questions first, then go back to the slower harder questions if you still have time. This ensures that you will earn as many points as possible, and have the fewest unanswered questions when your time is up. Focus on shortcuts and mental math One of the biggest ways test-takers run short on time is by not using enough shortcuts and mental math. Under test pressure, students often forget to use valuable various shortcuts related to algebra, other math functions, integer properties, and so on. There is a tendency to go on autopilot and just work through every problem, thinking only of the end resultnot the fastest way to get there. Noticing that youre almost out of time can be a good wake-up call that you need to really focus on those valuable shortcuts. So if youre running out of time on SAT Math, break out all your best math tricks for speedy problem solving. When youre running out of time on SAT Math, estimate! On any multiple choice SAT Math question, estimation is your secret weapon for picking up speed. The best thing about estimation is that its easy to to do estimation  faster. Granted, your estimating can get a little less accurate if you do it  too quickly. But missing a few answers due to hasty estimation is a lot better than missing a whole bunch of answers because you were forced to leave them blank. Running out of time on SAT Math with  calculator On the redesigned SAT, there are two Math sections: one section where you cant use a calculator, and one section where calculators are allowed. There are some special time concerns on the calculator sectioncalculators  seem faster, but they really arent. More often than not, use of the SAT calculators, especially  heavy calculator use, actually  slows test-takers down on SAT Math. So if youre running out of time in the calculator permitted portion of SAT Math, the best thing you can do is look for every opportunity  not  to use your calculator. Even on the more complicated questions, you can probably do the first several steps of a problem without actually touching that calculator. And on the simpler problems in this SAT Math section, you may be able to skip calculator use altogether. This will help you make the most of your remaining time. And it wont necessarily make your answers less accurate. Calculator use can cause students to make all kinds of mistakes, especially when theyre feeling rushed.

How Amazons Complex Website Keeps the Company Up and Running

Amazon.com Introduction Amazon.com is a complex website that handles the selling of many products from books to movies to games and much more. The websites consists of layers of tabs which helps direct the customer to the category where the product that they are searching for is located. With the large amount of products that they handle, Amazon must keep up to date with the latest hardware and software in order to keep their website functioning smoothly. This includes things like databases, data communication products, and security software. Amazon.com also must use the System Design Life Cycle (SDLC) on a consistent basis to determine whether or not new applications should be added to their business. As shown below, all of these†¦show more content†¦Their database has to have the capability to be able to record a transaction, track a transaction, and keep track of inventory and other functions of a database. Having a large database system like Amazon also poses risk for security issues. Amazon’s database holds a lot of important information and with having all of this information there can be security issues. Amazon tries to secure all of the information that comes through their system because not only do they encrypt the credit card information of individuals but Amazon allows the individual to encrypt every piece of information that they put into Amazon’s system (Layton, 1998-2014). Amazon employs Netscape Secure commerce Server using the secure socket layer protocol (Layton, 1998-2014). Amazon does not store their credit card information in the same database as all of their other information. Amazon has it that if customers do not like to put in their credit card online that the can put some of the credit card number online and then call and speak to a representative to give them the rest of the credit card number. A secure feature that Amazon has for their credit card information it that the database that holds all of the credit card information is not internet accessible stopping any hackers from getting individuals information. Amazon wants to ensure that all of their credit card information is protected due to the amount ofShow MoreRelatedAmazon Analysis : Amazon Warehouse Deals Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesawesome arrangements on returned, stockroom harmed, utilized, or revamped items that are in great condition yet don t meet Amazon.com thorough measures as new. We additionally offer items in new and open-box condition. Amazon’s mission is to be ‘Earth’s most customer-centric company’, and our award-winning Customer Service team is an essential part of that mission. 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Sylvia Plath Poem Comparison Essay - 1826 Words

Sylvia Plath Poem Comparison Essay Saying Sylvia Plath was a troubled woman would be an understatement. She was a dark poet, who attempted suicide many times, was hospitalized in a mental institution, was divorced with two children, and wrote confessional poems about fetuses, reflection, duality, and a female perspective on life. Putting her head in an oven and suffocating was probably the happiest moment in her life, considering she had wanted to die since her early twenties. However, one thing that was somewhat consistent throughout her depressing poetry would be the theme of the female perspective. The poems selected for analysis and comparison are, †A Life†(1960),†You’re†(1960), â€Å"Mirror† (1961), â€Å"The Courage of Shutting-Up† (1962) and†¦show more content†¦The last few lines seem to attribute her depression to her age, and maybe the fact that she never got to enjoy her childhood, her young years, and she despises seeing herself grow old in the reflecti on of the lake. â€Å"The Courage of Shutting-Up† was written in 1962, a year before Sylvia’s end, and uses the ideas of repetition, speech, and censorship to express her ideas on female obedience and civil censorship. The female perspective here is the idea of not being able to speak out, and living in repetition, with a defeated tongue- hung up on the wall like a trophy. The poem uses many different types of diction, but most of it is masculine, and war-like, as if Plath was fighting a war against men. The first stanza of the poem begins with â€Å"The courage of the shut mouth, in spite of artillery!† and follows with bits of diction to describe a record player, with â€Å"black disks†¦ of courage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as to describe Plath’s thoughts and feelings just playing over and over again, â€Å"asking to be heard.† The second stanza continues with the record player metaphor, â€Å"a needle in its groove†, and transitions to an overqualified tattoois t in the third stanza, once a surgeon (maybe a metaphor for Sylvia’s downgrade from a great poet to a dumpy mother) who repeats the same overused tattoos over and over, silently, and solemnly. The fourth stanza returns to the metaphor of war, and artillery as well as the record player. 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The speaker seems to have trusted her husband too much that when he cheated on her, it came as a sudden shock. Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"The Rival† was designed to portray the poem’s aim, to explain that one shouldn’t trust too much since it can end upRead MoreThe Characterisation of the Heroines in The Bell Jar and Quicksand2372 Words   |  10 Pagesthe heroines in The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath and Quicksand by Nella Larsen? 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So I began to think maybe it was true that when you were married and had children it was like being brainwashed, and afterwa rd you went about numb as a slave in some private, totalitarian state (Plath, 81). Esther’s cynicism about marriage and having children is developed through Buddy’s unfortunate comment about her putting aside her poetryRead More Langston Hughes - A Literary Genius Essay2076 Words   |  9 Pageswords in Hughesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ poems. With his elegant and simple phrases, Hughes brought out complex questions about racism and inequality in the U.S. society. Besides, delivering his poetry from his heart, Hughes made many black readers feel as though everyday practices of their lives was portrayed in his writing, as writer Ishmael Reed once said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We should honor Langston Hughes for his ability to say what was in souls of millionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? . In a 1996 essay on Langston Hughes Collected Poems in the New Republic

Transportation Modes Paper free essay sample

However, the process can be quite extensive and involves many logistical and supply chain challenges. These emphasizes the importance of transportation egoistic, The operation of transportation determines the efficiency of moving parts. The progress in techniques and management principles improves the moving load, delivery speed, service quality, operation costs, the usage of facilities and energy saving. Transportation takes a crucial part in the manipulation of logistics and a proper transport implements and techniques to link the producing procedures. (online, www. Agitated. Mom). What does all of that mean? The bigger picture is this: transportation plays a major logistical role for companies, governments, and consumers across the oral. Would you want to pay the extra charges to ship your new couch all by itself from Italy to your front door? Most people would answer no to that question. We all rely on sophisticated logistical planning to ensure that the costs of our products are not overwhelmed by the cost to transport them. We will write a custom essay sample on Transportation Modes Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chart below sows, the components of logistics costs based on the estimation from the Air Transportation Association .. His analysis shows that transportation is the highest cost, which occupies 29. 4% of logistics cost. . The transportation cost here includes the means of transportation, iridous, containers, pallets, terminals, labors, and time. (online, www. Agitated. Com). The first challenge that a company must face when approaching the delivery logistics Of their product is to decide what mode of transportation is best for them. There are many things that should be considered when trying to answer this question. Every company is faced with the challenge of choosing the most appropriate form of transportation for their product.According to Johnson and Wood, We have surveyed the essential operating characteristics of each transportation alternative Every manager must decide which transportation m* will best meet the companys objectives. They go on to say that the four basic and most important characteristics to be considered are speed, dependability, capability, and fuel efficiency. (Johnson and wood, 168) It is important to all companies that their products arrive in a timely manner. Customers are not patient and expect products at their finger tips. In order to keep up with the competition companies must not let their reputation of speedy delivery faultier. Modern society tends to shorten physical distances between people by the design of more and more advanced technical aids. Aspiration towards better mobility of people, services and assets is in the background of every technical, organizational and most, if not all, of todays other systems, states AGITATED. (online, womb. Agitated. Com). The quicker companies can get items to the shelves or to the consumer the better. AGITATED continues, There is no business, or indeed almost no human activity, without a direct or indirect connection with certain traffic activities and needs.Economic growth, changes in fiscal politics, e-trade, consumer protection, ecology all these, and many more, are factors which generate the need for goods and services. Where there are logistics designs you will find corresponding traffic demands. Now this importance of speedy delivery must also be weighed against the costs. It may be faster to build your own runway and fly your own jets to and from with your product but the financial practicality of that is not realistic for most companies. Another characteristic that is important for all companies to consider when choosing their mode to transport product is dependability.Choosing the fastest aircraft may not always guarantee that your product will arrive faster than if it was sent by another mode such as road transport. If it takes 3 hours f air time to fly your product from Florida to New York, but eight out of ten of your scheduled flights are delayed or cancelled in the winter due to bad weather conditions in New York, you may not find that the benefits of the speedy aircraft are actually worth the lack of dependability. Once shipments get behind there is a domino effect on all other logistic al timeliness in your supply chain that will require adjusting. Our ever emerging use Of technology has allowed many companies to over come obstacles in the way of their dependability. Today a number of GIS applications for transport and logistics exist ; and the number is rising. GIS has been use daily and worldwide for the efficient connection, harmonistic and management of all transport processes in an ever rising number of companies. Solutions, such as intelligent routing plan, satellite fleet management, distribution area planning and management of infrastructure resources are just a few examples in a wide palette of GIS supported solutions for transport and logistics. (online, www. Agitated. Com Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is one of the most important advances in transportation logistics to enable better dependability for the arrival of goods. One of the most familiar types of GIS many of us have in our own personal vehicles called the GAPS. They are used for many purposes and have many different capabilities from directions to traffic updates. Companies across the world strive to stay on top of the latest GIS technology. The GIS technology helps to give them an extra edge in speed and dependability over many of their competitors.Capability should always be considered and should often be the first thing a company considers. If you have a certain type of product that is either too large or prohibited by a particular mode Of transport then you can automatically eliminate that mode as an option. Capability refers to the size, weight, and variety of products that the mode can physically accommodate, (Johnson and Wood, 169). Barges are often used for extremely large products. For example, NASA typically uses barges to transport Rockets and other space program equipment not because of their weight but their size.Fuel efficiency continues to be a hot topic across the Globe. Not only do every day people consider fuel efficiency when traveling, but so must companies when choosing the best mode of transport for their product. The rice of fuel fluctuates and cause prices for the modes of transportation that require high volumes of fuel to rise. For each gallon of fuel a pipeline consumes, barges require 1. 2 to 2. 3 gallons to move the same load the same distance. Then comes railroads, which require 1. 5 to 2 gallons; trucks which need 6. To 10 gallons; and airplanes which require 43 to 93 gallons to perform the same amount of work, (Johnson and Wood, 169). As you can see fuel consumption varies quite a bit between the different transportation modes. I can not mention fuel efficiency without touching on the environmental issues that companies of today must consider when choosing the mode of transport for their goods. According to the U. S. Department of Energy s Annual Energy Review, Industrial and transportation sectors- account for sixty-one percent of U. S. Carbon Emissions. With these kinds of numbers companies have a social and ethical responsibility to consider the environment when out lining the logistics to their supply chain. As transportation and logistics systems continue to integrate, their impacts on the physical environment (air, water, and land resources) will become more complex. Coping with the environmental impacts will require the remonstration industry and its customers and stakeholders to move from strategies based on regulatory compliance to those emphasizing proactive environmental management. Proactive management of environmental issues requires corporations to identify: (1 ) the interactions among transportation activities that have negative environmental impacts, (2) the types of environmental impacts emanating from transportation operations and facilities, and (3) alternative means of controlling and preventing environmental pollution and natural resource degradation, writes Professor Dennis Reenrolled from the University of North Carolina. Online, www. Centerpieces. Com ).Basically, companies and governments must be conscientious and make efforts to ensure their strive for speed, dependability and capability does not come at extreme environmental costs. Some of the damages may not be precedent right now but the long term effects can be devastating. We all have a responsibility to look out for the present and the future. While keeping all of the mentioned factors in mind, a company must then take a closer look at the 5 modes of transportation and their pros and cans. The use of roads for transporting goods has been around since the stone ages.Originally paths and trails were traveled by foot and goods were transported on human backs and heads. Evidence of street paving can be dated back to BBC. Cobblestones and wood paving were created to reduce highways and dust in cities. In the nineteenth century Tar-bound and concrete paving were established which brings us to the modern paved roads of today. (online, w. Vow. Wisped. Org) One advantage to choosing road transport for your goods is that it is cheap in comparison (only if congestion does not cause issues). Road transport can also be considered convenient. There are many route options when using roads.You can use your own company vehicles or you can use a ground freight service. There are many companies out there competing for your freight business. Access to vehicles is not as difficult as other modes of transportation which can help with costs. Easy access to roads also makes schedules very flexible. You can arrange for pick ups and drop offs around the clock. You are not limited to prearranged schedules. If you miss a deadline it is quick and easy to arrange a new pick up. If you have in-house vehicles then anytime you are ready to transport the roads can be traveled.Some disadvantages to using roads as our mode of transport is that safety concerns are high considering the number of accidents on the road today, and you can be subject to delays from road congestion. These delays can cause unneeded stress on your drivers and often cost you money when deliveries do not arrive on time. Clothing, computers, books, groceries, produce, and live stock are some the most common products used by road transport. Along with road transport, water transportation has been around since the early evolution of humans. Boats and watercraft have been used to transport and retrieve goods.Oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers, and channels all serve s routes for water transport. In the sasss centralization emerged and ships became a top contender for transporting goods in bulk. Today, there are more than 17,700 Kilometers of commercially important navigation channels in the lower 48 states. (online, www. Hydroelectrically. Com). Water transport remains the cheapest mode of transportation for large volumes. Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction, maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances, (online, www. People. Hoofers. Du). Although the previous statement is true companies do find drawbacks to using water transport. Loading times and travel speed can be slower than other options which can off set the advantage to being able to transport more at a time. You are also at the mercy of inflexible routes and set time tables. Not to mention, there are a relatively low number of ports. Most of the time if you are using water transport you will also require another form of transportation to get the product to the Customer. Chemicals, bauxite, grain, motor vehicles, and agriculture implements are common products carried on waterways. One of he most popular and well known products to utilize water transport is oil. As a result of being a popular mode of transport for extremely dangerous and non-environmentally friendly goods water transport has found itself under much scrutiny in the past due to the devastation caused by isolated accidents. Most Americans still remember the headlines and stories associated with the 1989 Exxon Valued Oil Spill. Wisped recounts, The Exxon Valued oil spill occurred in the Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 23, 1989.It is considered one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters ever to occur a sea. As significant as the Valued spill was, it ranks well down on the list of the worlds largest oil spills in terms of volume released.. .. The vessel spilled 10. 8 million U. S. Gallons (about 40 million liters) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil into the sea, and the oil eventually covered 1,300 square miles (3,400 km) of ocean. (online, www. Waking. Org). Since this accident and others regulations and changes have been made to hopefully help prevent this type of grand disaster in the future.Dildos, the first wagon (a predecessor of the railway) is said to have been used in Greece around BBC. In 1803 the Surrey Iron Railroad opened and is considered to be the first public railway. As investors and inventors continued to brainstorm the ideas and potential for the railroads became a hot topic. It was not until 1825 that the success of the Stockton and Darlington Railway proved that the railways could be made useful to the general shipping public as to the colliery owner. The railway broke new ground by using rails made of rolled wrought iron. (online, www. Wisped. Org).Improvements continued over the next century. From the birth of Diesel and Electric engines, we now have the massive railways yester of today. Railroads are typically one of the fastest modes of transportation you can choose. They move at impeccable speeds and are seldom faced with stops. Railroads are also viewed as one of the more environmentally friendly modes of transportation. Most importantly railroads offer the highest capacity for land transport. It is said that the largest recorded load was 23,000 tons of coal. One of the biggest disadvantages to railroads is that you are limited In the route options.Railways have been built to connect cities and they do a wonderful job of that, but there are not many options on which route you can cake to get from place to place. Railroads are not set up like roads. They are better compared to Interstates that make a straight shot. As a result of the number of rails, you are often stuck with few options when it comes to schedules. Trains share the tracks but you can only ride one at a time, so you are sometimes at the mercy of another train. Unlike roads where you might choose an alternate route to avoid traffic, railroads only offer one way to get there.If there is another train held up in front of yours there is no other choice than to just wait it out. Railways are Often viewed as unreliable when it moms to arrival times because of their inflexible routes. Some of the most common goods transported by railroads are coal, grain, lumber, heavy equipment, paper and pulp products, and chemicals. CSS is one of the largest railroad companies in the US. Executive Vice President of CSS, Clarence Goode describes the importance of railroads in the following statement, Railroads serve as the circulatory system of the U.S. Economy. Efficient and reliable rail transportation is one of the genuine competitive advantages that U. S. Businesses have in the global economy. (online, www. CSS. Mom Railroads are the safest and more environmentally friendly than any other mode of land transport CSS emphasizes their fuel efficiency in the following statement, Everything about our operation is designed to reduce fuel consumption and improve the quality of our air. Steel wheels rolling on steel rails is the most efficient way yet devised to move goods from place to place.The fact is, our trains can move a ton of freight 436 miles on a single gallon of fuel. Can you beat that? (online, FWIW. CSS. Com). Over all those are some pretty impressive numbers. Most Americans would love to eave a personal vehicle that would get 436 miles per gallon! The Wright Brothers took first flight in Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903. However, it was not until 1 910 that Americans actually used an aircraft to transport goods. A bolt of silk was shipped from Dayton to Columbus. This shipment was timed against the railroad express and reports were released that the air shipment arrived faster.During the mid 1 asss many airlines began shipping cargo and parcel. Over the years the government has played a vital role in the existence Of all airline companies. Government regulation began in 1 925 tit Airmail Act which allowed the CSS Government to pay commercial airlines to transport mail. Mail delivery at the time was a major money maker for most airlines and they began cut-throat bidding for airmail routes. To avoid this type of cut-throat business the McCann-Waters Act of 1930 was passed and it allowed the post Office Department to review the accounting practices of mail carrier lines.The Airmail Act of 1934 prohibited carriers from purchasing other airmail companies. This was a law put in place to prevent a monopoly situation. For the next 30 years more and more regulations were UT on airlines of all types. The government regulated all Interstate Carriers and enforced the concept that, economic regulation of airlines should be in the interest of the public. (online, www. Confidentiality. Gob). The CAB was formed to carry out these regulations. All airlines had to seek approval form the CAB for certificates that enabled them to start up or expand.The CAB would use their power to approve and disapprove based on economic needs and demands of time. The CAB could only enforce economic regulations on the interstate airlines. If the airline only flew with in a state they were not abject to CAB regulations. This also helped to eliminate a monopoly situation from occurring. As the regulations stacked up a movement to deregulate airlines emerged. In 1 978 the Airline Deregulation Act was passed. This Act ended most economic regulation in a series of steps over several years, and directed that CAB cease operations by the end of 1984 (online, www. Internationalists. Gob). The passing of the Deregulation Act of 1978 was crucial for all airlines. In addition to the end of the CABs economic regulation on the airlines, the safety regulations were passed on to the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA). The FAA continues to hold tight safety and environmental regulations on airlines. Some of the most prominent regulations are as follows: 1. Fuel venting and Exhaust 2. Noise Standards 3. Preventative Maintenance 4. Training Qualification for Pilots and Crew 5. Special Licensing Human Space Flight Requirements 6. 7.Experimental permits 8. Financial Responsibility 9. Insurance Coverage The list goes on and on for safety and environmental regulations enforced by the Many companies were hesitant to use air freight carriers because of all the government regulation. By the sasss a new freight company had bread its wings and was seeing astronomical success. Federal Express had over 75 aircraft and reported over $1 billion In revenues in 1983. Other competitors such as UPS also found great success at the turn of the century. In 2001 , UPS Airline was the 9th largest airline in the U. S.Air transport can be considered the fastest mode of transportation in some situations. If a company is looking to ship goods long distance air transport can most of the time guarantee the quickest delivery. However, if the goods are being shipped a shorter distance air transport may not be the best choice due to the required loading time. Air is also limiting on the number of routes available. There are not airports around every corner in the world. Companies also have to consider the time schedules that they are bound to when using air transportation for their goods. Delays are unfortunately common in airports due to weather.When one plane runs behind it can mess up flight schedules across the Globe. Like trains who share the railroads, planes must also share the runways. These delays can cause some companies to feel that air transport is not dependable when it comes to delivery times. Air transport is also one of the most expensive modes of rainspout and airport taxes can be outrageous. Due to high altitudes, size and weight constraints air transport is not always suitable for all goods. Some of the most common goods being transported by aircraft are flowers, food, technical instruments, emergency parts and equipment, and overnight mail.However, according to The Environmental Literacy Council, Airplanes and other modes of mass transit are also becoming more popular, for both freight and personal travel. Aviation is currently growing faster than any other transport sector, and carries nearly 40 percent in value of all global trade. In 2003, 1. 7 billion passengers flew the skies and demand is projected to triple by 2025 (online, womb. Environmentally. Org In 1863, Dimmitt Meddle first introduced the idea of using pipes to transport goods. In his particular case, he was considering pipes to transport petroleum.Since then, pipeline transport has been used to transport liquids and gases through pipes. However, there are some cases where pipes have been used to transport solid capsules by the use of compressed air. There are three different types of pipelines. The first two are gathering pipelines and distribution pipelines which are used to transport goods smaller distances. The third type is transportation pipelines which are mainly long pipes with large diameters moving products between cities, countries, and even continents.These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multipurpose pipelines (online, www. Absolutenesss. Com). Companies can consider pipelines as a very dependable mode of transport. It is a safe and economical way to carry goods quickly and on time in congested urban areas by underground transportation lines (online, www. Cargo. Mom). The major drawback to pipeline transport is its accessibility. There are just not many pipelines in place to transport goods. The most common goods transported via pipeline are oil, processed coal, and natural gas.There is a new mode of transportation on the rise. You may not find it listed in text books but it is inevitably making its way into the transportation line-up. The information highway or also know as the Internet continues to simplify and provide instantaneous delivery of many forms of information. What use to be sent by letter in the mail or currier is most often sent by email today. The Internet is not an option for most companies as a delivery method for their product, but for those that can use the Internet they have a fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly option just a click away!As companies and government consider all of the pros and cons associated with the different modes of transport they must also consider the option of outsourcing their transportation needs. A local furniture manufacturer may find that it is more cost efficient to purchase their own small fleet of delivery trucks than it is to rent or outsource their delivery needs altogether. However, an exotic fur retailer who has customers all over the world might decide that it is ridiculous to purchase their own planes or boats to transport their product overseas an d they would most likely outsource their transportation needs.This type of outsourcing is normally called Third Party Logistics (PL). Dishonor Memento explains one of the largest advantages to PL, Likewise, by outsourcing logistics activities, firms can save on capital investments, and thus reduce financial risks. Investment on logistics assets, such as physical distribution centers or information networks, usually needs rage and lump sum costs, which involves financial risks. Furthermore, the PL providers can spread the risks by outsourcing to sub-contractors. . (online, w. Vow. Subsections. Bent. Com).Just because you are an expert in infant highchairs does not make you and expert in transport nor does it mean that you have to become one either. The biggest disadvantage to PL is finding a partner that cares as much for your goods as you do. The process Of finding a PL partner can be time consuming, but in the end may allow you to concentrate more on your product and less on the supply chain logistics associated with transporting your product. Finally, the last concept in choosing a transportation mode that I would like to mention is that of intermeddle transportation.It is the use of various transportation modes. Intermeddle transportation has become more popular and almost a necessity with the advancement of Globalization. This is another area that many companies find most effective to ultimately outsource their transportation logistics especially when intermeddle transportation is needed. It would seem almost impossible to get those Italian grapes from the field in Italy to the wine glass in my living room using only en mode of transportation. Planning that journey can be very difficult.Choosing the right modes Of transportation can present a large challenge and companies spend extreme time and money developing the best and most efficient transportation plans for their products. An entire industry of transportation logistics has emerged to satisfy the ever growing needs and expectations of people and companies. We expect to go onto a computer and click a few buttons and have products delivered directly to our door the next day. If you had tried to explain this sort of efficiency to someone seventy vive or even fifty years ago they would have had an extremely hard time grasping what you were trying to explain.