The Experts Guide to the AP Biology Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Biology Exam SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In case you're taking AP Biology, it's a smart thought to acquaint yourself with the test before you get excessively far into the course. Planning early for the AP test position and completely understanding which ideas are secured on the AP Biology test can go far toward procuring a high score (and conceivably getting school credit!). This article will take you through the structure and scoring of the AP Bio test and give you some key tips on the most ideal approaches to read for AP Biology. How Is the AP Biology Exam Structured? The AP Biology test has a different decision area (that likewise remembers network for questions, so it’s not simply various decision) and a free-reaction segment. It is three hours in length altogether. The following AP Biology test will happen on Monday, May 11, 2020, at 8 am. Numerous Choice Section The main area on AP Bio comprises of various decision questions and a bunch of framework in questions. Here's a review of what's in store: 63 various decision questions Six network in questions an hour and a half long Worth half of your score Lattice in questions request that you coordinate math and science aptitudes to cause figurings and afterward to enter your answer into a matrix on the appropriate response sheet (basically, these are short-reaction addresses that are like network in inquiries on the SAT Math area). Free-Response Section The subsequent segment is the free-reaction area, which resembles this: Six short-reaction questions Two long-reaction questions an hour and a half long (counting a 10-minute understanding period) Worth half of your score (25% for the short reactions and 25% for the long reactions) One of the long-reaction addresses will be lab-or information based, while all short-reaction questions expect you to compose at any rate a section for your reaction or contention. Desires for the AP Biology Exam This is what the two segments on the AP Biology test anticipate that you should realize how to do: See how graphical and scientific models can be utilized to clarify natural standards and ideas Make forecasts and legitimize occasions dependent on organic standards Actualize your insight into legitimate trial structure Decipher information Is this espresso grinning at me? Or on the other hand am I ridiculous from absence of rest? What's Tested on the AP Biology Exam? 4 Big Ideas The AP Biology test does exclude a set number of inquiries that manage every point territory, yet you should take note of that the test is revolved around four significant subjects (or Huge Ideas, as the College Board calls them). Here's a rundown of these subjects, trailed by the points that fall underneath every one of them: Large Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Subjects that fall into this class incorporate the accompanying: Characteristic choice Numerical demonstrating of populaces Species order Biodiversity Huge Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce, and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Subjects that fall into this class incorporate the accompanying: Atomic science Cell structure Photosynthesis Cell breath Thermodynamics and homeostasis The resistant reaction Huge Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Retrieve, Transmit, and Respond to Info That's Essential to Life Processes Here are the primary subjects in this classification: Hereditary qualities The cell cycle (mitosis and meiosis) Infections Correspondence between cells The endocrine framework The sensory system Huge Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Have Complex Properties The subjects that fall into this class incorporate the accompanying: Plant structure Chemicals The circulatory framework Processing The musculoskeletal framework Biology AP Biology Sample Questions Since you have a fundamental substance layout, here are a few instances of the kinds of inquiries you'll see on the AP Biology test with the goal that you can show signs of improvement thought of what's in store. Various Choice Here is a case of a various decision AP Biology test question: This inquiry looks sort of confused, yet let’s separate it. The primary sentence is foundation data that isn’t extremely important for responding to the inquiry, other than the way that it enlightens us we’re talking regarding sickle cell sickliness. This is useful on the off chance that you can recollect essential realities about the infection that you can use to contextualize the inquiry. The primary piece of the inquiry pose to what will be influenced when you supplant a hydrophilic amino corrosive with a hydrophobic one on a hemoglobin protein. In view of your insight into sickle cell sickliness and atomic properties, you ought to have the option to wipe out options B and C, which don’t have a lot to do with the variation from the norm depicted in the inquiry. Decision D can likewise be wiped out in light of the fact that the inside auxiliary structure of the protein isn't modified by the presence of the hydrophobic gathering. This would just influence how the atom cooperates remotely with other hemoglobin particles, as in decision A (the right answer). Network In Here’s a case of a network being referred to that you may see on the AP Biology test: This inquiry simply pose to you to peruse a chart and play out some fundamental figurings. We can see from the chart that from day 3 to day 5, the populace size developed from 200 to 900 people. This implies it expanded by 700 people altogether. On the off chance that we isolate 700 when time of two days, that is a mean development pace of 350 people for each day. Subsequently, you would enter â€Å"350† into the matrix for this inquiry. Microorganisms gettin' it on. Short Free Response Here’s a case of a short free-reaction question you may see on the AP Biology test: On this specific inquiry, you could gain a limit of 4 focuses (one for each kind of information you depict to some degree an and one for the clarification for each to some degree b). Here are three sorts of information and their comparing clarifications you could refer to for focuses: Alternative 1 Information Description: The capacity of the plants to create suitable seeds/posterity in nature Clarification: This is steady with the meaning of a natural animal varieties Alternative 2 Information Description: Comparison of the two plants’ DNA arrangements or structures of other moderated particles. Clarification: Sufficient likeness between the DNA structures would bolster the presence of a solitary animal types Alternative 3 Information Description: Discovering the presence of prolific crossover plant populaces living between the two different populaces of plants Clarification: This is additionally predictable with the meaning of a natural animal types (once more, capacity to deliver fruitful posterity) There must be employments out there for which you simply need to gather plant tests. Begin assembling your experience now by never showering. Long Free Response Here’s a case of a long free-reaction question you may see on the AP Biology test: On this inquiry, you could procure up to 10 focuses altogether. Section An is worth 3 focuses. To win these focuses, you need to: Make a chart that is accurately marked, is effectively scaled, and utilizes legitimate units. Make it a structured presentation with effectively plotted example implies. Show the standard mistake (+/ - 2) on your diagram above and underneath the methods. Part B is worth 2 focuses. To gain these focuses, you need to: Recognize populaces I and III as the well on the way to have measurably huge contrasts in the mean densities. Clarify why this is the situation (on the grounds that the safety buffers don't cover for the mean densities of these two populaces; 9+2 is under 14-2). Part C is worth 5 focuses: You'd acquire 2 focuses for distinguishing the free factor (nearness of herbivores) and ward variable (trichome thickness). You would gain 1 point for distinguishing a control treatment (nonattendance of herbivores). You would gain 1 point for distinguishing a fitting term of the analysis (more than one age of plants). The last point would be earned by anticipating test results that would bolster the speculation (higher trichome thickness under the exploratory conditions when contrasted with the control conditions). Ugh, net! This leaf is loaded with trichomes. How Is the AP Biology Exam Scored? As referenced, on AP Bio the different decision area (counting the lattice ins) makes up half of your score, and the free-reaction segment makes up the other half. For the different decision area, it’s simple to compute your crude score: you simply get 1 point for each question you answer effectively. There are no point findings for inaccurate or clear answers. This is likewise valid for the network in questions. Scoring is more convoluted on the free-reaction segment (which is scored by genuine graders instead of a PC). Every one of the six short reaction questions has an alternate point esteem contingent upon its multifaceted nature. Three are scored out of 3 focuses, while the other three are scored out of 4 focuses. At last, each long free-reaction question utilizes a 10-point scale. To make sense of your last AP Bio score, you’ll need to do a couple more counts. This can change from year to year dependent on the presentation of understudies, yet this is the latest gauge I have with respect to the system behind it: Duplicate the quantity of focuses you jumped on the numerous decision segment by 1.03 Duplicate the quantity of focuses you jumped on the two long free-reaction inquiries by 1.5 Duplicate the quantity of focuses you jumped on the short free-reaction inquiries by 1.43 Add every one of these numbers together to get your crude AP Biology score Here's a transformation diagram you can use to perceive how crude score ranges (for the most part) convert into last AP scores (on a size of 1-5). I've likewise incorporated the level of understudies who earned each score in 2017 to give you a thought of what the score conveyance resembles:

Crowdfunding: Revolutionizing the Investment Essay

In April 2012, President Obama marked the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act into enactment, (conceivably) permitting little new businesses to pick up speculation from private people through crowdfunding. This contextual investigation investigates the reasonability of crowdfunding as a methods for speculation, its focal points and detriments, its use up to this point, and its potential achievement going ahead. Highlights and advantages * MarketLine Case Studies portray points, for example, inventive items, plans of action, and critical organization acquisitions. * Fact-based and introduced in an available style, they clarify the reason of business choices and delineate more extensive market and monetary patterns. Features As of late, crowdfunding sites, for example, Kickstarter have considered a to be increment in action as the pattern has picked up energy. Subsequently, the quantity of crowdfunding stages is on the ascent, and such ventures are starting to see their plans of action change as per the future heading of this blossoming new industry. Points of interest of crowdfunding incorporate the way that it offers an a lot bigger pool of financial specialists from which new companies and business people can raise capital. Furthermore, crowdfunding decreases the danger of putting up another item for sale to the public, and empowers new businesses to profit by huge scope brand and item introduction. Crowdfunding adventures, for example, the Pebble Watch, which propelled on Kickstarter, have demonstrated the potential awards of a fruitful crowdfunding effort, in spite of the fact that this model additionally serves to embody the downsides of such a methods for raising capital. Your key inquiries replied * What are the potential ramifications of the JOBS Act? * What are the focal points and impediments of crowdfunding activities? * How effective have crowdfunding activities been up to this point? * What effect is crowdfunding liable to have on the customary venture scene

Beating Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID) Essay

Envision carrying on with as long as you can remember contained inside a plastic air pocket. Contact from the outside world, including your folks, is deadly. Instead of feeling the warm bit of a human hand, the moist cold of research center gloves solaces you to rest. Is this living or this enduring? You decide. SCIDs is an abbreviation for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome. People brought into the world with SCIDs come up short on the capacity to ward off diseases. SCIDs makes a circumstance wherein the normal virus is similarly as savage as pneumonia. This group of illnesses is clearly incapacitating and hazardous. That is the reason finding a fix is basic. This illness isn't infectious, it is hereditary and is hence gained through the basic job of the hereditary shakers. There is definitely no way around this pitiful disorder, or is there... We can look to quality treatment: an energizing and progressive new field of research and medication which may uncover the way to opening a heap of hereditary sicknesses. This paper will investigate the issues presented by SCIDs and the appropriate response offered by Marina Cavazzana-Calvo and Salima Hacein-Bey. Their work in quality treatment has incredible potential towards blasting the air pocket on SCIDs. Resistant System Introduction Things being what they are, you ask, I'm not catching it's meaning to have SCID? All things considered, so as to address this inquiry, we need to experience a brisk voyage through the insusceptible framework. The invulnerable arrangement of the human body is contained an immense range of cells that fend off infections (antigens) that are hurtful to the prosperity of the body. In a person with an appropriately working insusceptible framework, the body has different qualities that encode explicit guidelines for the correct plan and capacity of the cells of the safe framework. T... ...g quality. In this manner, the non-practical gamma-c chain of these patients was adjusted to work like an ordinary gamma-c chain. The scientists at that point took the amended cells and returned them to the patients. Accomplished it work? Truly. The outcomes show an emotional increment in an assortment of significant insusceptible framework cells. Where are they now? The two patients left defensive disconnection after around a quarter of a year of treatment. Following a multi month examination, the two patients have all the earmarks of being developing admirably. No reactions (of any sort) have been accounted for. Fundamentally, the two patients have accomplished an almost ideal recuperation in under a year! On a third patient, comparable positive outcomes have been accomplished following 4 months of treatment. Drs. Cavazzana-Calvo et. al. have BURSTED THE BUBBLE ON SCIDs!!! Obviously, long haul investigation must be finished so as to see the span of this treatment.

Running Out of Time on SAT Math

Sometimes, in spite of your best efforts, your SAT Math pacing is off. You lose track of time and suddenly realize youre running out of time! Fortunately, there are things you can do when this happens. Running short on time doesnt have to ruin your SAT Math score. Running out of time on SAT Math? Do the faster problems first. All SAT Math problems are  weighted equalevery correct answer has the same impact on your score. But not all SAT Math problems are  created equalsome problems are more complex and take longer to do than others. So if youre running out of time in an SAT Math section, look at the remaining questions, and spot the questions that you can answer the fastest. Do those fast questions first, then go back to the slower harder questions if you still have time. This ensures that you will earn as many points as possible, and have the fewest unanswered questions when your time is up. Focus on shortcuts and mental math One of the biggest ways test-takers run short on time is by not using enough shortcuts and mental math. Under test pressure, students often forget to use valuable various shortcuts related to algebra, other math functions, integer properties, and so on. There is a tendency to go on autopilot and just work through every problem, thinking only of the end resultnot the fastest way to get there. Noticing that youre almost out of time can be a good wake-up call that you need to really focus on those valuable shortcuts. So if youre running out of time on SAT Math, break out all your best math tricks for speedy problem solving. When youre running out of time on SAT Math, estimate! On any multiple choice SAT Math question, estimation is your secret weapon for picking up speed. The best thing about estimation is that its easy to to do estimation  faster. Granted, your estimating can get a little less accurate if you do it  too quickly. But missing a few answers due to hasty estimation is a lot better than missing a whole bunch of answers because you were forced to leave them blank. Running out of time on SAT Math with  calculator On the redesigned SAT, there are two Math sections: one section where you cant use a calculator, and one section where calculators are allowed. There are some special time concerns on the calculator sectioncalculators  seem faster, but they really arent. More often than not, use of the SAT calculators, especially  heavy calculator use, actually  slows test-takers down on SAT Math. So if youre running out of time in the calculator permitted portion of SAT Math, the best thing you can do is look for every opportunity  not  to use your calculator. Even on the more complicated questions, you can probably do the first several steps of a problem without actually touching that calculator. And on the simpler problems in this SAT Math section, you may be able to skip calculator use altogether. This will help you make the most of your remaining time. And it wont necessarily make your answers less accurate. Calculator use can cause students to make all kinds of mistakes, especially when theyre feeling rushed.

How Amazons Complex Website Keeps the Company Up and Running

Amazon.com Introduction Amazon.com is a complex website that handles the selling of many products from books to movies to games and much more. The websites consists of layers of tabs which helps direct the customer to the category where the product that they are searching for is located. With the large amount of products that they handle, Amazon must keep up to date with the latest hardware and software in order to keep their website functioning smoothly. This includes things like databases, data communication products, and security software. Amazon.com also must use the System Design Life Cycle (SDLC) on a consistent basis to determine whether or not new applications should be added to their business. As shown below, all of these†¦show more content†¦Their database has to have the capability to be able to record a transaction, track a transaction, and keep track of inventory and other functions of a database. Having a large database system like Amazon also poses risk for security issues. Amazon’s database holds a lot of important information and with having all of this information there can be security issues. Amazon tries to secure all of the information that comes through their system because not only do they encrypt the credit card information of individuals but Amazon allows the individual to encrypt every piece of information that they put into Amazon’s system (Layton, 1998-2014). Amazon employs Netscape Secure commerce Server using the secure socket layer protocol (Layton, 1998-2014). Amazon does not store their credit card information in the same database as all of their other information. Amazon has it that if customers do not like to put in their credit card online that the can put some of the credit card number online and then call and speak to a representative to give them the rest of the credit card number. A secure feature that Amazon has for their credit card information it that the database that holds all of the credit card information is not internet accessible stopping any hackers from getting individuals information. Amazon wants to ensure that all of their credit card information is protected due to the amount ofShow MoreRelatedAmazon Analysis : Amazon Warehouse Deals Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesawesome arrangements on returned, stockroom harmed, utilized, or revamped items that are in great condition yet don t meet Amazon.com thorough measures as new. We additionally offer items in new and open-box condition. Amazon’s mission is to be ‘Earth’s most customer-centric company’, and our award-winning Customer Service team is an essential part of that mission. 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Sylvia Plath Poem Comparison Essay - 1826 Words

Sylvia Plath Poem Comparison Essay Saying Sylvia Plath was a troubled woman would be an understatement. She was a dark poet, who attempted suicide many times, was hospitalized in a mental institution, was divorced with two children, and wrote confessional poems about fetuses, reflection, duality, and a female perspective on life. Putting her head in an oven and suffocating was probably the happiest moment in her life, considering she had wanted to die since her early twenties. However, one thing that was somewhat consistent throughout her depressing poetry would be the theme of the female perspective. The poems selected for analysis and comparison are, †A Life†(1960),†You’re†(1960), â€Å"Mirror† (1961), â€Å"The Courage of Shutting-Up† (1962) and†¦show more content†¦The last few lines seem to attribute her depression to her age, and maybe the fact that she never got to enjoy her childhood, her young years, and she despises seeing herself grow old in the reflecti on of the lake. â€Å"The Courage of Shutting-Up† was written in 1962, a year before Sylvia’s end, and uses the ideas of repetition, speech, and censorship to express her ideas on female obedience and civil censorship. The female perspective here is the idea of not being able to speak out, and living in repetition, with a defeated tongue- hung up on the wall like a trophy. The poem uses many different types of diction, but most of it is masculine, and war-like, as if Plath was fighting a war against men. The first stanza of the poem begins with â€Å"The courage of the shut mouth, in spite of artillery!† and follows with bits of diction to describe a record player, with â€Å"black disks†¦ of courage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as to describe Plath’s thoughts and feelings just playing over and over again, â€Å"asking to be heard.† The second stanza continues with the record player metaphor, â€Å"a needle in its groove†, and transitions to an overqualified tattoois t in the third stanza, once a surgeon (maybe a metaphor for Sylvia’s downgrade from a great poet to a dumpy mother) who repeats the same overused tattoos over and over, silently, and solemnly. The fourth stanza returns to the metaphor of war, and artillery as well as the record player. 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The speaker seems to have trusted her husband too much that when he cheated on her, it came as a sudden shock. Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"The Rival† was designed to portray the poem’s aim, to explain that one shouldn’t trust too much since it can end upRead MoreThe Characterisation of the Heroines in The Bell Jar and Quicksand2372 Words   |  10 Pagesthe heroines in The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath and Quicksand by Nella Larsen? 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So I began to think maybe it was true that when you were married and had children it was like being brainwashed, and afterwa rd you went about numb as a slave in some private, totalitarian state (Plath, 81). Esther’s cynicism about marriage and having children is developed through Buddy’s unfortunate comment about her putting aside her poetryRead More Langston Hughes - A Literary Genius Essay2076 Words   |  9 Pageswords in Hughesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ poems. With his elegant and simple phrases, Hughes brought out complex questions about racism and inequality in the U.S. society. Besides, delivering his poetry from his heart, Hughes made many black readers feel as though everyday practices of their lives was portrayed in his writing, as writer Ishmael Reed once said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We should honor Langston Hughes for his ability to say what was in souls of millionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? . In a 1996 essay on Langston Hughes Collected Poems in the New Republic

Transportation Modes Paper free essay sample

However, the process can be quite extensive and involves many logistical and supply chain challenges. These emphasizes the importance of transportation egoistic, The operation of transportation determines the efficiency of moving parts. The progress in techniques and management principles improves the moving load, delivery speed, service quality, operation costs, the usage of facilities and energy saving. Transportation takes a crucial part in the manipulation of logistics and a proper transport implements and techniques to link the producing procedures. (online, www. Agitated. Mom). What does all of that mean? The bigger picture is this: transportation plays a major logistical role for companies, governments, and consumers across the oral. Would you want to pay the extra charges to ship your new couch all by itself from Italy to your front door? Most people would answer no to that question. We all rely on sophisticated logistical planning to ensure that the costs of our products are not overwhelmed by the cost to transport them. We will write a custom essay sample on Transportation Modes Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chart below sows, the components of logistics costs based on the estimation from the Air Transportation Association .. His analysis shows that transportation is the highest cost, which occupies 29. 4% of logistics cost. . The transportation cost here includes the means of transportation, iridous, containers, pallets, terminals, labors, and time. (online, www. Agitated. Com). The first challenge that a company must face when approaching the delivery logistics Of their product is to decide what mode of transportation is best for them. There are many things that should be considered when trying to answer this question. Every company is faced with the challenge of choosing the most appropriate form of transportation for their product.According to Johnson and Wood, We have surveyed the essential operating characteristics of each transportation alternative Every manager must decide which transportation m* will best meet the companys objectives. They go on to say that the four basic and most important characteristics to be considered are speed, dependability, capability, and fuel efficiency. (Johnson and wood, 168) It is important to all companies that their products arrive in a timely manner. Customers are not patient and expect products at their finger tips. In order to keep up with the competition companies must not let their reputation of speedy delivery faultier. Modern society tends to shorten physical distances between people by the design of more and more advanced technical aids. Aspiration towards better mobility of people, services and assets is in the background of every technical, organizational and most, if not all, of todays other systems, states AGITATED. (online, womb. Agitated. Com). The quicker companies can get items to the shelves or to the consumer the better. AGITATED continues, There is no business, or indeed almost no human activity, without a direct or indirect connection with certain traffic activities and needs.Economic growth, changes in fiscal politics, e-trade, consumer protection, ecology all these, and many more, are factors which generate the need for goods and services. Where there are logistics designs you will find corresponding traffic demands. Now this importance of speedy delivery must also be weighed against the costs. It may be faster to build your own runway and fly your own jets to and from with your product but the financial practicality of that is not realistic for most companies. Another characteristic that is important for all companies to consider when choosing their mode to transport product is dependability.Choosing the fastest aircraft may not always guarantee that your product will arrive faster than if it was sent by another mode such as road transport. If it takes 3 hours f air time to fly your product from Florida to New York, but eight out of ten of your scheduled flights are delayed or cancelled in the winter due to bad weather conditions in New York, you may not find that the benefits of the speedy aircraft are actually worth the lack of dependability. Once shipments get behind there is a domino effect on all other logistic al timeliness in your supply chain that will require adjusting. Our ever emerging use Of technology has allowed many companies to over come obstacles in the way of their dependability. Today a number of GIS applications for transport and logistics exist ; and the number is rising. GIS has been use daily and worldwide for the efficient connection, harmonistic and management of all transport processes in an ever rising number of companies. Solutions, such as intelligent routing plan, satellite fleet management, distribution area planning and management of infrastructure resources are just a few examples in a wide palette of GIS supported solutions for transport and logistics. (online, www. Agitated. Com Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is one of the most important advances in transportation logistics to enable better dependability for the arrival of goods. One of the most familiar types of GIS many of us have in our own personal vehicles called the GAPS. They are used for many purposes and have many different capabilities from directions to traffic updates. Companies across the world strive to stay on top of the latest GIS technology. The GIS technology helps to give them an extra edge in speed and dependability over many of their competitors.Capability should always be considered and should often be the first thing a company considers. If you have a certain type of product that is either too large or prohibited by a particular mode Of transport then you can automatically eliminate that mode as an option. Capability refers to the size, weight, and variety of products that the mode can physically accommodate, (Johnson and Wood, 169). Barges are often used for extremely large products. For example, NASA typically uses barges to transport Rockets and other space program equipment not because of their weight but their size.Fuel efficiency continues to be a hot topic across the Globe. Not only do every day people consider fuel efficiency when traveling, but so must companies when choosing the best mode of transport for their product. The rice of fuel fluctuates and cause prices for the modes of transportation that require high volumes of fuel to rise. For each gallon of fuel a pipeline consumes, barges require 1. 2 to 2. 3 gallons to move the same load the same distance. Then comes railroads, which require 1. 5 to 2 gallons; trucks which need 6. To 10 gallons; and airplanes which require 43 to 93 gallons to perform the same amount of work, (Johnson and Wood, 169). As you can see fuel consumption varies quite a bit between the different transportation modes. I can not mention fuel efficiency without touching on the environmental issues that companies of today must consider when choosing the mode of transport for their goods. According to the U. S. Department of Energy s Annual Energy Review, Industrial and transportation sectors- account for sixty-one percent of U. S. Carbon Emissions. With these kinds of numbers companies have a social and ethical responsibility to consider the environment when out lining the logistics to their supply chain. As transportation and logistics systems continue to integrate, their impacts on the physical environment (air, water, and land resources) will become more complex. Coping with the environmental impacts will require the remonstration industry and its customers and stakeholders to move from strategies based on regulatory compliance to those emphasizing proactive environmental management. Proactive management of environmental issues requires corporations to identify: (1 ) the interactions among transportation activities that have negative environmental impacts, (2) the types of environmental impacts emanating from transportation operations and facilities, and (3) alternative means of controlling and preventing environmental pollution and natural resource degradation, writes Professor Dennis Reenrolled from the University of North Carolina. Online, www. Centerpieces. Com ).Basically, companies and governments must be conscientious and make efforts to ensure their strive for speed, dependability and capability does not come at extreme environmental costs. Some of the damages may not be precedent right now but the long term effects can be devastating. We all have a responsibility to look out for the present and the future. While keeping all of the mentioned factors in mind, a company must then take a closer look at the 5 modes of transportation and their pros and cans. The use of roads for transporting goods has been around since the stone ages.Originally paths and trails were traveled by foot and goods were transported on human backs and heads. Evidence of street paving can be dated back to BBC. Cobblestones and wood paving were created to reduce highways and dust in cities. In the nineteenth century Tar-bound and concrete paving were established which brings us to the modern paved roads of today. (online, w. Vow. Wisped. Org) One advantage to choosing road transport for your goods is that it is cheap in comparison (only if congestion does not cause issues). Road transport can also be considered convenient. There are many route options when using roads.You can use your own company vehicles or you can use a ground freight service. There are many companies out there competing for your freight business. Access to vehicles is not as difficult as other modes of transportation which can help with costs. Easy access to roads also makes schedules very flexible. You can arrange for pick ups and drop offs around the clock. You are not limited to prearranged schedules. If you miss a deadline it is quick and easy to arrange a new pick up. If you have in-house vehicles then anytime you are ready to transport the roads can be traveled.Some disadvantages to using roads as our mode of transport is that safety concerns are high considering the number of accidents on the road today, and you can be subject to delays from road congestion. These delays can cause unneeded stress on your drivers and often cost you money when deliveries do not arrive on time. Clothing, computers, books, groceries, produce, and live stock are some the most common products used by road transport. Along with road transport, water transportation has been around since the early evolution of humans. Boats and watercraft have been used to transport and retrieve goods.Oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers, and channels all serve s routes for water transport. In the sasss centralization emerged and ships became a top contender for transporting goods in bulk. Today, there are more than 17,700 Kilometers of commercially important navigation channels in the lower 48 states. (online, www. Hydroelectrically. Com). Water transport remains the cheapest mode of transportation for large volumes. Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction, maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances, (online, www. People. Hoofers. Du). Although the previous statement is true companies do find drawbacks to using water transport. Loading times and travel speed can be slower than other options which can off set the advantage to being able to transport more at a time. You are also at the mercy of inflexible routes and set time tables. Not to mention, there are a relatively low number of ports. Most of the time if you are using water transport you will also require another form of transportation to get the product to the Customer. Chemicals, bauxite, grain, motor vehicles, and agriculture implements are common products carried on waterways. One of he most popular and well known products to utilize water transport is oil. As a result of being a popular mode of transport for extremely dangerous and non-environmentally friendly goods water transport has found itself under much scrutiny in the past due to the devastation caused by isolated accidents. Most Americans still remember the headlines and stories associated with the 1989 Exxon Valued Oil Spill. Wisped recounts, The Exxon Valued oil spill occurred in the Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 23, 1989.It is considered one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters ever to occur a sea. As significant as the Valued spill was, it ranks well down on the list of the worlds largest oil spills in terms of volume released.. .. The vessel spilled 10. 8 million U. S. Gallons (about 40 million liters) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil into the sea, and the oil eventually covered 1,300 square miles (3,400 km) of ocean. (online, www. Waking. Org). Since this accident and others regulations and changes have been made to hopefully help prevent this type of grand disaster in the future.Dildos, the first wagon (a predecessor of the railway) is said to have been used in Greece around BBC. In 1803 the Surrey Iron Railroad opened and is considered to be the first public railway. As investors and inventors continued to brainstorm the ideas and potential for the railroads became a hot topic. It was not until 1825 that the success of the Stockton and Darlington Railway proved that the railways could be made useful to the general shipping public as to the colliery owner. The railway broke new ground by using rails made of rolled wrought iron. (online, www. Wisped. Org).Improvements continued over the next century. From the birth of Diesel and Electric engines, we now have the massive railways yester of today. Railroads are typically one of the fastest modes of transportation you can choose. They move at impeccable speeds and are seldom faced with stops. Railroads are also viewed as one of the more environmentally friendly modes of transportation. Most importantly railroads offer the highest capacity for land transport. It is said that the largest recorded load was 23,000 tons of coal. One of the biggest disadvantages to railroads is that you are limited In the route options.Railways have been built to connect cities and they do a wonderful job of that, but there are not many options on which route you can cake to get from place to place. Railroads are not set up like roads. They are better compared to Interstates that make a straight shot. As a result of the number of rails, you are often stuck with few options when it comes to schedules. Trains share the tracks but you can only ride one at a time, so you are sometimes at the mercy of another train. Unlike roads where you might choose an alternate route to avoid traffic, railroads only offer one way to get there.If there is another train held up in front of yours there is no other choice than to just wait it out. Railways are Often viewed as unreliable when it moms to arrival times because of their inflexible routes. Some of the most common goods transported by railroads are coal, grain, lumber, heavy equipment, paper and pulp products, and chemicals. CSS is one of the largest railroad companies in the US. Executive Vice President of CSS, Clarence Goode describes the importance of railroads in the following statement, Railroads serve as the circulatory system of the U.S. Economy. Efficient and reliable rail transportation is one of the genuine competitive advantages that U. S. Businesses have in the global economy. (online, www. CSS. Mom Railroads are the safest and more environmentally friendly than any other mode of land transport CSS emphasizes their fuel efficiency in the following statement, Everything about our operation is designed to reduce fuel consumption and improve the quality of our air. Steel wheels rolling on steel rails is the most efficient way yet devised to move goods from place to place.The fact is, our trains can move a ton of freight 436 miles on a single gallon of fuel. Can you beat that? (online, FWIW. CSS. Com). Over all those are some pretty impressive numbers. Most Americans would love to eave a personal vehicle that would get 436 miles per gallon! The Wright Brothers took first flight in Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903. However, it was not until 1 910 that Americans actually used an aircraft to transport goods. A bolt of silk was shipped from Dayton to Columbus. This shipment was timed against the railroad express and reports were released that the air shipment arrived faster.During the mid 1 asss many airlines began shipping cargo and parcel. Over the years the government has played a vital role in the existence Of all airline companies. Government regulation began in 1 925 tit Airmail Act which allowed the CSS Government to pay commercial airlines to transport mail. Mail delivery at the time was a major money maker for most airlines and they began cut-throat bidding for airmail routes. To avoid this type of cut-throat business the McCann-Waters Act of 1930 was passed and it allowed the post Office Department to review the accounting practices of mail carrier lines.The Airmail Act of 1934 prohibited carriers from purchasing other airmail companies. This was a law put in place to prevent a monopoly situation. For the next 30 years more and more regulations were UT on airlines of all types. The government regulated all Interstate Carriers and enforced the concept that, economic regulation of airlines should be in the interest of the public. (online, www. Confidentiality. Gob). The CAB was formed to carry out these regulations. All airlines had to seek approval form the CAB for certificates that enabled them to start up or expand.The CAB would use their power to approve and disapprove based on economic needs and demands of time. The CAB could only enforce economic regulations on the interstate airlines. If the airline only flew with in a state they were not abject to CAB regulations. This also helped to eliminate a monopoly situation from occurring. As the regulations stacked up a movement to deregulate airlines emerged. In 1 978 the Airline Deregulation Act was passed. This Act ended most economic regulation in a series of steps over several years, and directed that CAB cease operations by the end of 1984 (online, www. Internationalists. Gob). The passing of the Deregulation Act of 1978 was crucial for all airlines. In addition to the end of the CABs economic regulation on the airlines, the safety regulations were passed on to the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA). The FAA continues to hold tight safety and environmental regulations on airlines. Some of the most prominent regulations are as follows: 1. Fuel venting and Exhaust 2. Noise Standards 3. Preventative Maintenance 4. Training Qualification for Pilots and Crew 5. Special Licensing Human Space Flight Requirements 6. 7.Experimental permits 8. Financial Responsibility 9. Insurance Coverage The list goes on and on for safety and environmental regulations enforced by the Many companies were hesitant to use air freight carriers because of all the government regulation. By the sasss a new freight company had bread its wings and was seeing astronomical success. Federal Express had over 75 aircraft and reported over $1 billion In revenues in 1983. Other competitors such as UPS also found great success at the turn of the century. In 2001 , UPS Airline was the 9th largest airline in the U. S.Air transport can be considered the fastest mode of transportation in some situations. If a company is looking to ship goods long distance air transport can most of the time guarantee the quickest delivery. However, if the goods are being shipped a shorter distance air transport may not be the best choice due to the required loading time. Air is also limiting on the number of routes available. There are not airports around every corner in the world. Companies also have to consider the time schedules that they are bound to when using air transportation for their goods. Delays are unfortunately common in airports due to weather.When one plane runs behind it can mess up flight schedules across the Globe. Like trains who share the railroads, planes must also share the runways. These delays can cause some companies to feel that air transport is not dependable when it comes to delivery times. Air transport is also one of the most expensive modes of rainspout and airport taxes can be outrageous. Due to high altitudes, size and weight constraints air transport is not always suitable for all goods. Some of the most common goods being transported by aircraft are flowers, food, technical instruments, emergency parts and equipment, and overnight mail.However, according to The Environmental Literacy Council, Airplanes and other modes of mass transit are also becoming more popular, for both freight and personal travel. Aviation is currently growing faster than any other transport sector, and carries nearly 40 percent in value of all global trade. In 2003, 1. 7 billion passengers flew the skies and demand is projected to triple by 2025 (online, womb. Environmentally. Org In 1863, Dimmitt Meddle first introduced the idea of using pipes to transport goods. In his particular case, he was considering pipes to transport petroleum.Since then, pipeline transport has been used to transport liquids and gases through pipes. However, there are some cases where pipes have been used to transport solid capsules by the use of compressed air. There are three different types of pipelines. The first two are gathering pipelines and distribution pipelines which are used to transport goods smaller distances. The third type is transportation pipelines which are mainly long pipes with large diameters moving products between cities, countries, and even continents.These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multipurpose pipelines (online, www. Absolutenesss. Com). Companies can consider pipelines as a very dependable mode of transport. It is a safe and economical way to carry goods quickly and on time in congested urban areas by underground transportation lines (online, www. Cargo. Mom). The major drawback to pipeline transport is its accessibility. There are just not many pipelines in place to transport goods. The most common goods transported via pipeline are oil, processed coal, and natural gas.There is a new mode of transportation on the rise. You may not find it listed in text books but it is inevitably making its way into the transportation line-up. The information highway or also know as the Internet continues to simplify and provide instantaneous delivery of many forms of information. What use to be sent by letter in the mail or currier is most often sent by email today. The Internet is not an option for most companies as a delivery method for their product, but for those that can use the Internet they have a fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly option just a click away!As companies and government consider all of the pros and cons associated with the different modes of transport they must also consider the option of outsourcing their transportation needs. A local furniture manufacturer may find that it is more cost efficient to purchase their own small fleet of delivery trucks than it is to rent or outsource their delivery needs altogether. However, an exotic fur retailer who has customers all over the world might decide that it is ridiculous to purchase their own planes or boats to transport their product overseas an d they would most likely outsource their transportation needs.This type of outsourcing is normally called Third Party Logistics (PL). Dishonor Memento explains one of the largest advantages to PL, Likewise, by outsourcing logistics activities, firms can save on capital investments, and thus reduce financial risks. Investment on logistics assets, such as physical distribution centers or information networks, usually needs rage and lump sum costs, which involves financial risks. Furthermore, the PL providers can spread the risks by outsourcing to sub-contractors. . (online, w. Vow. Subsections. Bent. Com).Just because you are an expert in infant highchairs does not make you and expert in transport nor does it mean that you have to become one either. The biggest disadvantage to PL is finding a partner that cares as much for your goods as you do. The process Of finding a PL partner can be time consuming, but in the end may allow you to concentrate more on your product and less on the supply chain logistics associated with transporting your product. Finally, the last concept in choosing a transportation mode that I would like to mention is that of intermeddle transportation.It is the use of various transportation modes. Intermeddle transportation has become more popular and almost a necessity with the advancement of Globalization. This is another area that many companies find most effective to ultimately outsource their transportation logistics especially when intermeddle transportation is needed. It would seem almost impossible to get those Italian grapes from the field in Italy to the wine glass in my living room using only en mode of transportation. Planning that journey can be very difficult.Choosing the right modes Of transportation can present a large challenge and companies spend extreme time and money developing the best and most efficient transportation plans for their products. An entire industry of transportation logistics has emerged to satisfy the ever growing needs and expectations of people and companies. We expect to go onto a computer and click a few buttons and have products delivered directly to our door the next day. If you had tried to explain this sort of efficiency to someone seventy vive or even fifty years ago they would have had an extremely hard time grasping what you were trying to explain.

Shakespeare Essays (845 words) - William Shakespeare, Love Stories

Shakespeare Shakespeare In the year of 1564 the man known as William Shakespeare was born, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. The exact date of birth is unknown but is traditionally celebrated on the 23 of April. To Englanders this day is known as The Feast of St. George. The third-born of eight children to John Shakespeare and Mary Arden Shakespeare, William was their eldest son. John Shakespeare was a glove-maker and a tanner. Earlier in his life John had served a term as the mayor of Stratford, was a town councilman, one of Stratford's justices of peace, and an ale taster. John, unfortunately, could not write. In 1601, when William was 37 years old, John Shakespeare died. William inherited what small portions of land John had come to own in his lifetime, being the eldest of John and Mary's sons. Very little is known about Mary Arden Shakespeare's life. Although, she is known to have come from a wealthy family. Mary's family also paid John a very gracious dowry. William Shakespeare went to an excellent grammar school in Stratford-upon-Avon. Two Oxford graduates were instructors there. Shakespeare was fortunate to get both of them as teachers. Their names were Simon Hunt and Thomas Jenkins. William Studied the languages of Greek and Latin. He had also acquired a razor sharp awareness of both mankind and nature. This is believed to be his last type of formal education. On the day November 27, 1582, when Shakespeare was a mere 18 years of age, he was wed to Anne Hathaway. She was 28 when they got married. Their first child was a girl by the name of Susanna, born May 26, 1583. Two years later William and Anne had twins named Judith and Hamnet. Tragically, Hamnet died at the age of 11. It is not known why he died Between the years of 1585 and 1592 there is no evidence of Shakespeare's or the rest of his family's lives. The Hidden Years are what many call this time period in Shakespeare's life. It is believed that he may have been running from the law or was the apprentice of a butcher. A man named John Aubry was told by another man by the name of Christopher Beston that Shakespeare was simply working as a school teacher in London up until 1592. Beginning in the year 1592, in London, he was starting to become known as an established playwright. In 1593 Henry Wriothsley became William Shakespeare's patron and sponsor. Shakespeare was also a writer, director, actor, and stockholder in The King's Men company. William was acting for this company, which became the world's largest and most famous acting company only because Shakespeare was acting and working for them. Written in 1593 was Shakespeare's first long poem, called Venus and Adonius. Then in 1594 William wrote his second long poem called Rape of Lucrece. These two poems were written when the theatres were closed because of the highly contagious epidemic plague. William Shakespeare began writing plays in the late 1590's. Writing The Taming of the Shrew, The Comedy of Errors, As You Like It, Much Ado About Nothing, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona. Most of these plays were comedies. The only tragedy he wrote at that time was Romeo and Juliet. 1599 brought the construction of the Globe, which was built by Shakespeare's company. The most well-known of his tragedies were performed there. The plays acted out were Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear. To be, or not to be-that is the question: Whether ?tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... (Hamlet in Hamlet) and But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun. ... (Romeo in Romeo and Juliet) are two of Shakespeare's most famous quotes. Ever since William Shakespeare became a well-known playwright he had been a wealthy man, bringing in money from many different sources. With all the money in his possession he had decided to buy a big house in Stratford for his family. This house was called New Place. In the year of 1610 Shakespeare retired from theatre and returned to Stratford to be with his family. His will was written on March 25, 1616. Nearly one month later, on his

Sport Business in Brazil Management Essay

Sport Business in Brazil Management Essay Sport Business in Brazil Management Essay Sport Business in Brazil Management Essay The Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro is scheduled to hold the forthcoming 2016 Olympics, which is the first Olympics on the South American continent. In 2014, Brazil already held the FIFA World Cup. The devotion to these sporting mega-events implies that the country, as well as the City of Rio de Janeiro, will have to work hard. Having hosted one mega-event, the capabilities of the country have already been put to the test. MEGA SPORTING EVENT – RIO DE JANEIRO OLYMPICS The 2016 Olympics will be an opportunity for Brazil to avoid some of the challenges experienced during the preparations for the FIFA World Cup. The mega-event refers to a large-scale event of a worldwide significance, which usually attracts people from almost all corners of the world. The ability of these events to attract millions of people has both negative and positive effects. The 2016 Rio Olympics can boost the economic development of the region if correctly managed. For Brazil, holding the Olympics is similar to taking a business risk in order to earn the benefits of the investment. On the other hand, if poorly managed, the event is likely to become a burden to the host country and cause losses. Effective management and preparation of the sporting mega-events can guarantee success and profits. However, the hope is that the 2016 Rio Olympics will contribute to the economic growth of Brazil. The management of a sporting mega-event requires consideration of the three crucial issue s: the infrastructure of the hosting nation, the security of the hosting country, and financial capability of the organizing body, as well as that of the hosting country. This paper discusses the present situation of Brazil and analyses the management of the event. The crucial aspects of the management that will be considered include the infrastructure, security, and financing. Current Situation of Brazil Brazil has been classified as one of the fastest developing economies (Andersson, Armbrect Lundberg 2008). The country reported considerable development and growth in the last decade despite being hit by the global economic downturn. Nowadays, it is a leading country both in Latin and South America in terms of the economic growth. Moreover, it is among the ten largest world economies (Atkinson et al. 2008). Because of the constantly improving economic growth and global status, Brazil was awarded both the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics Games. The groundwork for the Rio de Janeiro Olympics has started. Brazil has the chance of learning from the failures and successes of both Greece and Barcelona in hosting the mega events (Walker et al. 2010). Greece is a clear example of the failure in hosting the mega event while Barcelona is an example of success. According to Fourie and Santana-Gallego (2011), the ambitions of holding the Rio Olympic Games might interfere with th e continuous economic growth that the country is hoping. The research has shown that the economic effect of mega-events can be smaller in the developing countries than in the industrialized economies. There is no doubt that the Olympics will create the tourism demand and employment opportunities; it will also strengthen the Brazilian economy to a significant extent. The job opportunities are imminent following the forthcoming 2016 Olympics. The Brazilians living in Rio de Janeiro expect an increase in the labour market with the demand for workers for constructing the Olympic facilities (Curi, Knijnik Mascarenhas 2011). However, the experience of Greece has demonstrated that the overall benefits from the increased tourism traffic will primarily affect the wealthy. The historical analysis of the sporting mega-events have also shown that the development is very uneven and seems to benefit the construction interests and private developers while the leisure sites are developing only for the rich (Walker et al. 2010). According to Haddad and Hahhad (2010), the overall benefits might not influence the middle class and bottom-of-pyramid (BOP) Brazilians without effective management of the sporting mega-events. Consequently, there is an outright necessity to plan regularly, exploit the positives, and counteract the negatives. According to Maennig and Zi mbalist (2012), planning and organizing are indispensable in making Brazil benefit from the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. Infrastructural Capacity of Brazil to Host the 2016 Olympics The management of sporting mega-events requires an evaluation of the infrastructural capacity of the city/country to hold the events. The International Olympics Committee (IOC) expressed their doubts concerning the infrastructural capacity of Rio de Janeiro to host the Olympic Games (Curi, Knijnik Mascarenhas 2011). The infrastructure refers to the basic ultimate facilities and systems serving the city of Rio de Janeiro. These facilities include the transportation, communication, and power systems among many others. In a typical corporate world, businesses also require these facilities to thrive. The infrastructural capabilities of Brazil were tested by the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Even though Rio de Janeiro hosted some of the matches, it cannot be concluded that the city has adequate facilities for the mega-event. Unlike the World Cup, which takes place in multiple cities, the Olympics takes place in a single city (Andersson, Armbrect Lundberg 2008). Consequently, many people will be concentrated in one place, unlike in the World Cup when people spread over numerous cities. The concentration of people in the City of Rio de Janeiro implies that there will be pressure on the infrastructural facilities during the 2016 Olympics than during the 2014 World Cup. Therefore, the management of the 2016 Rio Olympics should not rely on the previous experience of the FIFA World Cup (Andersson, Armbrect Lundberg 2008). The IOC has set its requirements, which are different from those established by FIFA. The assessment of the pre-Olympics has indicated that about 49750 rooms will satisfy the IOC’s demands (Curi, Knijnik Mascarenhas 2011). The sporting mega-events management also requires planning for the extreme situations. Rio de Janeiro has put in place the necessary plans of using condominium and cruise ships in case of the over demand for accommodation. In terms of transportation, the Brazilian authorities have plans to construct the roads linking the Olympic zones (Fourie Santana-Gallego 2011). Financial Capacity of Rio de Janeiro to Host the Olympics The preparation for the Olympics necessitated the Brazilian authorities to prepare a report on how it will finance the mega-event. Brazil reported that it had allotted about US $240 billion for the 2016 Olympics sporting mega-event (Haddad Hahhad 2010). These finances were allocated from the Federal Governments Plan for Accelerated Growth (PAC). According to Haddad and Hahhad (2010), the federal government has offered the required financial support, educational developments, ecological conversation, and social programs for the poor among the other positive developments. This consideration for the poor implies that the management of the Olympics in Brazil has learnt from the past events, in which the wealthy were the only beneficiaries of the event (Atkinson et al. 2008). Prior to the acceptance of the bid to host the Olympics, the Brazilian government had guaranteed three important things: to cover any possible economic shortfalls of the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games (OCOG), finance OCOG and non-OCOG budget, and cover any refunds of the IOC advance payments (Curi, Knijnik Mascarenhas 2011). Curi, Knijnik, and Mascarenhas (2011) point out that prior to granting the Olympics, the federal government has to ensure a strong financial backing. Some of the revenue-generating activities expected during the mega-event include sponsorship sales, licensing and merchandising, and ticketing (Atkinson et al. 2008). According to Atkinson et al. (2008), the revenues generated from these activities will be complemented by the broadcast and commercial contributions secured by the IOC (Atkinson et al. 2008). The government or private sector expenditures on the infrastructure have been anticipated to encompass the already committed and continuing investments of about US $4 billion on the following projects: airport and subway construction and enhancement (Maennig Zimbalist 2012). According to the financial analysis of the mega-event, the budget of the OCOG does not presume any capital contribution to the development of the legacy venues, other than for the coverage of the games (Maennig Zimbalist 2012). According to the IOC, the balance of expenditures by OCOG is to be financed by the Brazilian public sector, which involves the funds from the government, state, and federal commitment. The financial plan and operating expenses of OCOG are expected to be about US $2.9 billion (Maennig Zimbalist 2012). The budget included the capital investment in transportation and sports venues (Maennig Zimbalist 2012). The Security Capacity of Rio de Janeiro to Host the Olympics Security is one of the key concerns for the IOC. The Brazilian government has the responsibility of cleaning up the areas deemed insecure in order to make them suitable for numerous tourists (Curi, Knijnik Mascarenhas 2011). However, having hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the government had partly, or wholly, addressed the issues relating to security. Accordingly, Rio de Janeiro is in good time to make numerous improvements before 2016. Curi, Knijnik, and Mascarenhas (2011) point out that the government has initiated some projects to improve the quality and capacity of the police in the preparation for the Olympic bid, as well as the FIFA World Cup. Besides improving the capability and quality of the police force, the Brazilian authorities are using another method in order to fight against the crimes by making international headlines with the invasion of favelas (Walker et al. 2010). For a region to be regarded a favela, it must have at least 51 houses. In other words, favelas refer to slums in Brazil, and often are regarded as settlements for the landless people. As of 2000, Rio de Janeiro had about 811 favelas, but it is likely that the number of them has increased since then (Walker et al. 2010). The slums are a threat to the 2016 Olympics because of the insecurity they pose. The security financing for Rio de Janeiro should necessary cover the employment of the Unidade de Policia Pacificadora (UPP) and other security forces (Andersson, Armbrect Lundberg 2008). According to Fourie and Santana-Gallego (2011), without these forces, the slums can become the areas of drug and child trafficking. On the other hand, in the Brazilian slums, the drug traffickers might enforce the control and order in the community even in the absence of the UPP. The Brazilian government hopes to manage all the slums in Rio de Janeiro before the 2016 Olympics (Ma et al. 2011). This paper has discussed the management of the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympics in the light of three crucial factors: finance, security, and infrastructure. Similar to a typical business, the success of Rio de Janeiro Olympics is also affected by the management of these factors. The infrastructure refers to the basic fundamental facilities and systems serving the city of Rio de Janeiro. These facilities include the transportation, communication, and power systems, among many others. In terms of finance, Brazil reported about allocating US $240 billion for the 2016 Olympics sporting mega-event. Some of the revenue-generating activities expected during the Olympics include sponsorship sales, licensing and merchandising, and ticketing. Security is a threat to the event because it might scare off the tourists from attending the event. The effective management of the three factors could result in the economic benefits for the whole country.

The Future of IT and Paradigm Shift Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Future of IT and Paradigm Shift - Term Paper Example In fact, the majority of business organizations have started marketing and advertisement of their products and services to customers by means of broadcasting media. On the other hand, the customers are now seen as the receivers of products who can actively respond with regards to promotion, segmentation, and distribution. In addition, through a potential increase in the division of labor, interest of businesses as well as protecting distribution channels, the trade with customers is frequently indirect as well as monetized, and it has only happened due to the ever-increasing adoption of new technology-based platforms and arrangements. It is an admitted fact that because of growing complexities and competitiveness of these days’ business environment, the focus is shifting from the producer to the consumer and offering them a great deal more improved services. In this scenario, the information technology is playing a significant role and helps the business organizations in achie ving these goals (Korhonen, 2010; Norton, 2001; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005). This paper will discuss the role of information technology in today’s business environment. ... According to their viewpoint, effective and supportive technology based shifts are essential for the reason that significant transformations in veracity demand a shift in conceptualization. For instance, when the 20th century began the demonstration of science started to increase problems those were not simply explained by Newtonian physics. In order to resolve this issue, a new paradigm is known as â€Å"Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity† appeared as a novel and more wide-ranging theory and structure to clarify the new certainties. Additionally, the idea of a paradigm shift was initially initiated by a philosopher and science historian Thomas Kuhn through his book, which was published in 1962 (Tapscott & Caston, 1994; EIE, 2003; Somani & Kher, 2006). In addition, similar to a new enterprise of the venture, the new technology paradigm also demands variations. Same as an innovative enterprise it is open as well as networked. Additionally, it works approximately similar to people do, as it pays no attention to boundaries between text, data, voice and image and works like a bridge between team members in a team-oriented company. Also, it smudged walls among enterprises by allowing them to effectively communicate with outside associations. The most important advantage of this technology shift is that it has developed to the point where it is easily accessible and reasonably priced. In view of the fact the longer a business organization waits to decide and implement a change the more, it has to spend, no matter in the short term.

Waiting for Superman (2010) Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Waiting for Superman (2010) Film - Essay Example The director of the movie is Davis Guggenheim, and the producer is Lesley Chilcott. Several students are used to reflect as they struggle to be accepted in the charter school. The Audience Award honored the film in 2010 as one of the best documentary. This paper seeks to focus on ‘Waiting for Superman’ (2010) film. In the film waiting for the superman (2010), several problems are identified as an impediment to quality education standards. One of the problems is the tiresome process one is supposed to undergo  in order to get a place in the schools thought to be best performing. Those schools that are best, and have spaces depend on lottery for enrollment, hence denying chance to many students. Consequently, they are forced to go through schools whose performances rank low in all aspects of academics. The other significant policy problem identified in this issue is bureaucracy employed by the teachers union. Most of the teachers are unable to inject their knowledge to s upport students to achieve satisfactory grades. Furthermore, those teachers identified to contribute to poor performance of the student are not fired. They are protected by security of tenure, which is easily acquired after two years of teaching. The other problem identified by the movie is the issue of perception that individual background determines the level of performance. He disputes this fact and notes if such individual are exposed to formal education standards, and have exceptional teachers they are more likely to make it to the college. There is also lack of motivation of exceptional performing teachers as their payments are standardized (Participant Media and Weber 17-22). Many causes have led to various policy problems as identified by the film. The most notable is the bureaucracy of the teacher union. Even after identification of poorly performing teacher, it takes a long time, for such teacher to be expelled. In addition, the union contract is a source of impediment to school reforms. Such a teacher also continues receiving money from the exchequer. The other challenge is the issue of United States standardized test scores. This score continues to fall since the early seventies affecting performance significantly. Moreover, charter schools enjoy certain provisions that are not in public schools. They have the rights to have longer school days and schools years while this is reduced in public schools. He also identifies failure in public schools because of strict mechanism that are applied to the students. Some rules in public according to the film are conservative and retrogressive (Participant Media and Weber 17-22). According to Guggenheim film, quality education is composed of great teachers, prepared students, excellent schools and an increased level of literacy (Film). Furthermore, it claims such quality education produces outstanding graduate. There are several proposed policy instruments to quality education performance. The most important is the motivation of teachers based on their performance. He proposes such teachers should be given some form of incentives such as salary increase. The other important step is to raise education status to international standards. He also proposes that there should be an increase in literary rates. The film also calls for providing a successful school experience for all students. The movie also supports the establishment of more charter schools to increase enrollment. He also advocates getting rid of teachers union as a

Sabine Women Essay Example for Free

Sabine Women Essay David began planning the work while he was imprisoned in the Luxembourg Palace in 1795. France was at war with other European nations after a period of civil conflict culminating in the Reign of Terror and the Thermidorian Reaction, during which David had been imprisoned as a supporter of Robespierre. David hesitated between representing either this subject or that of Homer reciting his verses to the Greeks. He finally chose to make a canvas representing the Sabine women interposing themselves to separate the Romans and Sabines, as a sequel to Poussins The Rape of the Sabine Women. David began work on it in 1796, after his estranged wife visited him in jail. He conceived the idea of telling the story, to honour his wife, with the theme being love prevailing over conflict. The painting was also seen as a plea for the people to reunite after the bloodshed of the revolution. Its realization took him nearly four years. The painting depicts Romuluss wife Hersilia – the daughter of Titus Tatius, leader of the Sabines – rushing between her husband and her father and placing her babies between them. A vigorous Romulus prepares to strike a half-retreating Tatius with his spear, but hesitates. The rocky outcrop in the background is the Tarpeian Rock, a reference to civil conflict, since the Roman punishment for treason was to be thrown from the rock. According to legend, when Tatius attacked Rome, he almost succeeded in capturing the city because of the treason of the Vestal Virgin Tarpeia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, governor of the citadel on the Capitoline Hill. She opened the city gates for the Sabines in return for what they bore on their arms. She believed that she would receive their golden bracelets. Instead, the Sabines crushed her to death with their shields, and she was thrown from the rock which since bore her name.[original research?] In 1799 David exhibited the The Intervention of the Sabine Women at the Louvre, where it attracted a large number of paying visitors until 1805. After the expulsion of artists including David from the Louvre, the picture could be found in the ancient church of Cluny, which he used as a workshop. In 1819 he sold the Sabines and his LÃ ©onidas at Thermopylae to the Royal Museums for 10,000 francs.

The Race to Understanding and Manipulating DNA :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Early 1953. Three labs, two in England and one in California, raced to discover the structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid. At Cal Tech in Pasadena, California, Linus Pauling had recently discovered the alpha-helix. Now he was turning his attention to DNA. At King's College in the University of London, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, although hampered by their inability to get along with one another, had taken actual pictures of DNA using x-rays and were hot on the trail. The most unlikely pair in the race, a 24-year-old American biologist and a 36-year-old English physicist, were also close to identifying the elusive molecule, although they were forbidden from directly working on it. And so the race intensified for the secret of life itself. Get Ready, Get Set... Mendel and Pea Plants The events leading up to this race actually began with an Austrian monk named Johann Gregor Mendel. Although in reality Mendel wanted to be a high school teacher, he failed the mandatory examination three times and decided to become a monk to pursue his studies in the peace of a monastery (Asimov, Genes 11). Interested in the inheritance of characteristics, he began working with pea plants in 1857. He crossed true-bred plants and then their offspring and recorded the results. From these results he established general rules or laws for inheritance. He worked for eight years and with over ten thousand different plants (Arnold 20). Looking for a sponsor for his work, Mendel sent his paper to noted botanist Wilhelm von Nageli. Nageli sent it back after barely glancing at it (Nageli died in 1891 and would be remembered, not for his own vast scientific work, but for his failure to pay attention to Mendel) (Asimov, Genes 19-20). Mendel finally did publish his results in the magazine of the National History Society of Brunn in 1866 (Arnold 7). Other botanists paid little or no attention to his work, and his ideas about inheritance became lost for thirty-four years. Mendel became the abbot of his monastery in 1868 and was too busy and discouraged to continue his experiments. He died in 1884, never knowing that he would be touted as the "father of modern genetics." The Early Work on DNA In 1869, just after Mendel had quit working with plants, a 25-year-old Swiss chemist, Johann Friedrich Miescher, discovered a substance called nuclein inside cells. This substance was later found to be attached to a protein which was named "histone" from the Greek word meaning "cell.

Othello Essay

The narrative of Shakespeare’s Othello is driven by the skillfully interwoven elements of doubt, speculation and posturing that are present and intensified throughout. Though the play is filled with sympathetic characters, Iago and Roderigo being the only two whose intentions are known to the audience as malicious, each character is uniquely flawed and the playwright makes this apparent in even the most pedestrian exchanges.   As the focal point of the plot’s manipulation of its well-intended characters and the unseen catalyst of the ire rising between friends and lovers with no true trespasses toward one another, Iago is brilliant at exploiting such imperfection.   Iago uses the highly charged convergence of race and sexuality to act upon his own jealousies. Acting upon the marriage of Desdemona and Othello, a military hero promoted above Iago, the villain would deceive all parties to induce Othello toward the jealous murder of his faithful wife.   The dramatic resolution is underscored by the progressive discussion engaged by Shakespeare on race and sexuality in Jacobean England. In the opening scene, when Iago demands Brabantio’s attention to his daughter’s deflowering, he immediately inducts the audience into a key principle of the world which the characters inhabit.   Depicting to his advantage a circumstance in which some form of violation has occurred, Iago tells Brabantio that â€Å"Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul / Even now, now, very now, an old black ram / is tupping your white ewe.† (1.1, 85-87)   This is the first recognition of the theme of race, with Othello’s Moorish ethnicity inciting hostility from Iago.   His jealous and deceptive ancient, Iago uses this characterization to draw a distinction between Othello’s sexual congress with Desdemona as opposed to that of a white man. A theme that would be explored throughout the work, this is a demonstration of the lascivious sexual character which society attributed to blacks.   More a means of differentiation than reality, Iago uses it in this context to inspire indignation from Brabantio over the transgression of his daughter’s purity.   The base terms in which he chooses here to describe Othello’s relationship with Desdemona are indicative of the attitude which pervades the order of men through the play’s five Acts regarding race, sexuality and the dynamic of power amongst all three.   And it is also telling to the perspective of the play itself that Iago’s racism provides the first set of eyes through which we are allowed to observe events and individuals.   As one critic notes of the conflict in the play, â€Å"we find out what it is for the first time only through Iago’s violently eroticizing and racilalizing report to Brabantio.† (Adelman, 25)   This hel ps to manipulate events right before the audience’s eyes.   Such a dynamic is further reinforced by Brabantio’s response: â€Å"Fathers, from hence trust not your daughters’ minds   By what you see them act.   Is there not charms By which the property of youth and maidhood   May be abused?† (1.1, 168-170). Here, Brabantio seems to address the audience, admonishing them of the guile which even young women are capable of.   It is unclear at this early juncture of the play whether it is Shakespeare’s intention to voice his estimation of the female mystique or whether he is beginning to establish what would flourish into a full-fledged lampoon of the vulnerabilities which men suffer to their women.   In the case of Brabantio, it is at least perceptible that he recognizes his susceptibility to manipulation, and that the soft and disarming charms of his beautiful daughter had clouded him of his judgment. This is a recurrent theme throughout the play.   Shakespeare straddles an obfuscating line through the narrative that divides the audience in its perception of his views on gender and race relations.   Without assigning blame to one gender more than the other, he sharply assails both men and women for their vagaries in lust and envy.   The manifestation in Othello is an unending cycle of suspicion and resentment.   In the author’s universe, the yielding and delicate exterior of woman plays easily on the resolution to justice which embodies his men.   For both sexes, this sets off a destructive pattern of deception and misperception. The insertion of race into this dynamic creates something of the explosive situation which Iago exploits. Brabantio in particular is a character who is peculiarly incapable of protecting himself from the manipulative ends of those around him.   It is perhaps of some central importance to the play that much of his consternation and confusion centers around his skewed perspective on sexuality, which he typically characterizes as an act of natural transgression.   Proving himself most permeable to Iago’s suggestions, which wisely prey on the Senator’s sexual complex, Brabantio is equally inclined to view men as capable of deception.   Hurling an accusation at Othello over the violation of his daughter, Brabantio quickly shifts from a misogynistic mode to one of egalitarian mistrust: â€Å"Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her! For I’ll refer me to all things of sense, If she in chains of magic were not bound, Whether a maid so tender, fair, and happy, So opposite to marriage that she shunned The wealth, curled darlings of our nation, Would ever have, t’incur a general mock, Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom Of such a thing as thou.† (1.3, 63-70) Beyond another explicitly racist sentiment which Brabantio expresses here, there is a complicated set of views on gender, gender roles and the value system which he uses to contextualize the relationship between men and women.   His emphasis here on Desdemona’s rejection of men with great affluence, rank and reputation, especially in favor of the Moorish Othello, as justification for his scurrilous accusations is based not on a sense of who his daughter is, who Othello is or necessarily even the role that race plays in the matter.   More, Brabantio is inclined to an understanding of gender relations which centers on the material rule of society.   In this way, his perspective represents a conservative conception of how the sexes and races are intended to interact.   As another critical perspective denotes, â€Å"Othello is one play, moreover, that intermixes the differences of race and sexuality as the specters of performance.† (Murray, 93) This is to say that the provocative questions there associated are pitched about with a remarkable candor in a play composed in 1622.   Ultimately, even as Othello becomes an aggressor and his own worst enemy, Shakespeare evades the easy connotations of race and sexuality that seem to be at the basis of Iago’s deceit, weaving instead a deeply nuanced outlook on a very complex subject.

Dance Therapy for Down Syndrome Effects and Improvements - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2499 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Down Syndrome Essay Did you like this example? For most of their life, people with Down syndrome will go through years of physical therapy. Although this is an effective form of treatment, could there be a more effective form of Therapy? By looking at statistics as well as personal experiences, we can see that dance would be considered the better form of physical therapy for those with Down syndrome; This is important because we strive to better the lives of those with disabilities and encourage them to take part in every ones day to day activities. By allowing children as well as adults to take part in dance classes as a form of physical therapy not only will they better their hand-eye coordination and muscle memory, the will also gain confidence in themselves and their social abilities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dance Therapy for Down Syndrome Effects and Improvements" essay for you Create order Dance over yoga, martial arts, and team sports uses music to keep tempo and keeps a consistent movement pattern throughout a dance that could take months to perfect. Throughout research we have found that dance classes are a more effective form of therapy for those with down syndrome. During classes children or adults will learn a series of combinations that strengthen their hand-eye coordination as well as their muscle memory. What is Down syndrome? According to the Mayo Clinic, Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down syndrome(mayo clinic, pg.1). People with Down syndrome experience difficulties with hand-eye coordination as well as muscle memory. Although physical therapy helps with hand-eye coordination as well as muscle memory, dance could be considered the better form of therapy over not only regular PT, but as well as yoga, sports, and other arts as well. Learning dance combinations and repeating certain techniques accompanied by music can increase muscle memory and hand-eye coordination while keeping life interesting and allowing them to work with peers. In the article Crossing the Midline, we learn about the Company Ds Dance Troupe. Christopher Blank gives us some insight into Company Ds Dance troupe created by Darlene Winters. This company is a mixed company that allows children with and without disabilities to dance and grow together. The company has grown greatly over the past 10 years that its been running. Winters states, From the beginning, I wanted to raise awareness of whats possible, Winters says. But I also wanted people to respond to our artistry. I never think Im setting a piece for someone with a disability, though the process is different.(winters, pg.17) She helps other studios properly train children with down syndrome and gives hope to not only the children, but also the parents of the children with disabilities. This company supports children with down syndrome using dance as physical therapy. The article Dancing with Down Syndrome: A Phenomenological Case Study, goes a little bit deeper into research about why dance is an effective form of Physical therapy. When children with Down syndrome learn a combination and practice it over and over their muscles begin to memorize the sequence. Dancing with down syndrome isnt a highly researched topic although it is a highly effective form of physical therapy for those with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a common disability that limits the psychological, social, and physical components of the person with the disability. Due to the lack of research a study was done to test the effectiveness of dance on someone with Down syndrome. They studied the perspective of the 21 year-old doing the study and his parents. After analyzing the data from the study, it was found that dance indeed was an effective form of physical therapy for those with down syndrome. Lauren Clarks Movement Patterns and Quality of Life for individuals with down syndrome: An Overview of Dance as Physical Therapy, discusses how dance and music quality could be more entertaining for children with down syndrome. Children and adults with Down syndrome often are required to attend physical therapy which can be a struggle if they get bored or distracted while attempting to complete the physical tasks. Clark discusses how if we intertwine dance movements and physical therapy training it might be more exciting for people with down syndrome. This form of therapy would be more exciting because of the interaction with other peers and maybe using their favorite song and allowing them to create something of their own. As adults with Down syndrome start aging, their memory skills start to deteriorate along with other things. Keeping them engaged with dance skills and physical therapy could help preserve their muscle memory. Overall this article is stressing the importance of enh ancing the quality of life for those with Down syndrome. Adaptive dance is a program created by Boston Ballet where they collaborate with the Bostons Childrens Hospital to create movement to help the development in children with Down syndrome. Adaptive dance wanted to give children with Down syndrome confidence along with mobility and focus skills. This program taught children with this disability that they can overcome their challenges not only physically but also emotionally. These children were able to find their true selves through dancing. This gives us a little insight into how effective this is for not only the children and their families but also the founders and teachers that are involved. This collaboration gave children from the Bostons Childrens Hospital a different outlook towards life and taught them strategies that they could not learn through regular therapy such as, learning how to match their movements to music and remembering which movement was to happen during a certain part of the song. The article The Influence Of The Dance for People with Down Syndrome, discusses how dance is more effective for learning for those with down syndrome. Dance has never been seen as a form of physical therapy until we realized that it can help with motor skills, coordination, and balance. These three skills are difficult for children and adults with down syndrome, so why not use dance as a form of physical therapy for those with Down Syndrome? To prove this theory, 12 members of the ALDO-CET Bileti Association took part in a study that involved using dance as therapy. In this study, they would be examined biweekly and were tested before and after the therapy to determine if it was more effective. The results of this project proved that in fact dance is a better form of physical therapy for people of all ages with Down syndrome. We see an example of a study done in the article Effects of a Dance Program on Static Balance On a Platform in Young Adults with Down Syndrome. They face themselves with the question How will an 18-week study compare the static balance and posture control in people with and without Down syndrome with their eyes open and closed? This studied included 22 people all at the age of 20 there were 11 with Down syndrome and 11 without Down syndrome. After the study was completed, it was concluded that those with Down syndrome have worse closed and open eye center of pressure than those without Down syndrome. Their visual information is also affected differently that those without Down syndrome. In volume 33 Issue 3 Gutierrez-Vilah states It can be concluded that young people with DS differ from TD participants in terms of control of the center of gravity during static standing, speci cally in extent of displacement rather than the oscillation frequency of their center of gravity. The displac ement amplitude is higher in young people with DS. Furthermore, we have found that this center-of-gravity behavior does not change according to the visual condition, that is, whether they use visual cues. (Gutierrez-Vilah, pg.248). With the dance training, there was definitely an increase in center of pressure. Learning how to perform with their eyes closed increased their mobility skills along with their memorization skills. This concludes that dance is an effective form of physical therapy for people with Down syndrome. According to Assumption College, Down syndrome is the most commonly occurring chromosomal condition and it affects more than 400,000 people in the United States. The chances of having a child with Down syndrome increases as the mother ages (Clark, pg.1). Adults and children living with down syndrome grow up with Multiple health issues that affect their quality of life. Physical Therapy is the main healing factor to these health issues but after multiple studies, doctors have realized that there has been an increase in lack of motivation when it comes to people with Down syndrome and physical therapy. Through recent studies it has become aware to doctors that dance has sparked interest in those with Down syndrome and they find a sense of self confidence through the art of dance. It is encouraged for Therapist as well as instructors to incorporate the art of dance as well as repetitive movements to ensure a positive outcome for people with down syndrome and give them something to look forward to each day. Quality of life is one of the biggest concerns when it comes to disabilities like Down syndrome we must strive to ensure that they are in a positive environment and are enjoying the activities they are taking part in. Another study I reviewed was done by Diana Schulman and Blanche Dupont where 10 people with Down syndrome ranging from ages 3 to 13 took part in an experiment to test their toe standing balance as well as single-point standing balance with their eyes open and closed. For six months, a semiweekly program involving physical therapy and dance curriculum/ movements would be conducted. Every program involved dance and gymnastic movements accompanied by music and repetitive movements. Author Blanche Dupont wrote, It was hypothesized that a specially designed dance curriculum which integrated dance and traditional physical therapy facilitation techniques could benefit children with Down Syndrome because of the combined inherent cognitive and motor effects of the two modalities (Dupont, pg.19). After the six-month program the researchers came to the conclusion that dance was in fact a better form of therapy and taught these children certain skills that physical therapy struggles too such as balance, tempo, and muscle memory. There was an increase in not only their muscle memory but as well as their rhythmic understanding and hand eye coordination skills. In the spring of 2010, The Global Down Syndrome Foundation decided to create a program named the Be Beautiful Be Yourself Dance Program. Most dance instructors are not properly trained to teach a child with Down syndrome and as parents began to notice their child was being left out due to their disability, they decided to take action. Patricia C. Winders a well-known down syndrome specialist and physical therapist created this program. This program was designed to give the parents of the children with Down syndrome reassurance and confidence that their child would be taken care of when taking part in this art. Quality of life is the main concern of parents as well as the other people involved in this program such as instructors and physical therapist. The Global Down Syndrome Foundation states, The purpose of the program is to instill a lifelong love of dance and movement in each student. The students work on physical stamina, verbalization skills, following directions, and coordinat ed interaction. They learn ballet movement, music appreciation, rhythm and basic dance steps (The Global Down Syndrome Foundation, pg.1). This foundation is doing a beautiful thing not only for the families and children affected by Down Syndrome but as well as the community they are surrounded by. In the article Children with Down Syndrome: Discovering the Joy of Movement, we realize that movement is a very important aspect in childrens growth. For children with Down syndrome, therapist always recommend for these children to heavily involve themselves in some kind of movement whether it be running or physical therapy, but for some time we have ruled out dance due to the difficulty in skills and tricks. As more studies have been conducted, we have come to realize that dance could be the best candidate for people with Down syndrome when it comes to therapy. Ballet is said to strengthen the balance as well as the create a sense of awareness within their bodies. Laban movements are not only essential in the dance world but as well as in physical therapy for people with Down syndrome. Anne Jobling states, with a Laban approach, children with DS are taught awareness of their body in three ways as they move-body awareness, space awareness, and effort awareness. Body awareness is an i mportant prerequisite to knowing what the body does and how limbs function in movement. For example, what parts of my body are moving now? How does my body move? How can I use my body to perform that action? Where are my head, arms, legs, and trunk?(Jobling, pg.36) This article truly gives us a deeper insight into what movements do what, for people with Down syndrome. Jobling also includes, The children can be introduced to body parts during a circle time. A percussion instrument provides the rhythm as they sing or recite the following words: clap, clap, clap your hands; tap, tap, tap your head; beep, beep, beep your nose; wiggle, wiggle, wiggle your toes (Jobling, pg.36). The positive effect dance has on children with disabilities, both physical and emotional, is astounding. We can conclude that although physical therapy is in fact an effective form of treatment for the disabilities associated with Down syndrome, dance curriculum and movement is ultimately the better choice for people of all ages with Down syndrome, as noted in the Be Beautiful Be Yourself program. Many parents whose children have Down syndrome often see their child being left out due to the physical and mental limitations associated with Down syndrome. We should encourage those with Down syndrome, along with their families, to engage in this beautiful form of art to increase growth as well as social abilities. In contrast to traditional physical therapy, dance therapy incorporates music, movement, and the opportunity to interact with others with similar limitations which promotes the development of friendships, artistic expression, and a sense of belonging with others. We must focus on quality of life and what will make these extraordinary people happy along with treating their disabil ities and enhancing their strengths. Participation in dance over yoga, team sports, and physical therapy will create fulfilling, beneficial opportunities for individuals with Down syndrome and provides an atmosphere in which they can be themselves without judgment. After researching multiple studies regarding utilization of dance as physical therapy, it is evident that dance not only gives children confidence, but it also increases muscle memory, music appreciation, hand-eye coordination, and balance. I believe we should encourage people with Down syndrome, as well as their families, to step out of their comfort zones and allow their children to become a part of something that will assist them in developing social, emotional, and physical skills through the beautiful art of dance.